Category Archives: Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem Cell Therapy Market 2020 to Witness Lucrative Growth in Coming Years with Top Key Players- RichSource,Mesoblast Limited,TiGenix NV, AlloSource -…

Stem Cell Therapy Market In-Depth Analysis

Stem cells are preliminary body cells from which all other cells with specialized functions are generated. Under controlled environment in the body or a clinical laboratory, these cells divide to form more cells called daughter cells. Due to the advent of modern health science, these cells play a major role in understanding the occurrence of diseases, generation of advanced regenerative medicines, and drug discovery. There are certain sources such as embryo, bone marrow, body fats, and umbilical cord blood amongst others, where stem cells are generated. The globalstem cell therapy marketis driven by factors such asincreasing awareness related to the stem cells therapy in effective disease management and growing demand for regenerative medicines. However, high cost related with stem cell therapy is likely to obstruct the growth of the stem cell therapymarket during the forecast period. The growing research and development activities in Asia Pacific region is expected to offer huge growth opportunity for stem cell therapy market.

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Some of the key players profiled in the study areMEDIPOST, Pharmicell Co., Inc., RichSource, BioTime Inc. (Lineage Cell Therapeutics, Inc.), Mesoblast Limited, HolostemTerapieAvanzateSrl, U.S. Stem Cell, Inc., Caladrius Biosciences, Inc., TiGenix NV, AlloSource, etc.

The research report provides deep insights into the global market revenue, parent market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness per market segment. The report provides an overview of the growth rate of the Stem Cell Therapy market during the forecast period, i.e., 20202027. Most importantly, the report further identifies the qualitative impact of various market factors on market segments and geographies. The research segments the market on the basis of product type, application, technology, and region. To offer more clarity regarding the industry, the report takes a closer look at the current status of various factors including but not limited to supply chain management, niche markets, distribution channel, trade, supply, and demand and production capability across different countries.

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market to 2027 Global Analysis and Forecast by Type (Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy, Other Stem Cell Therapy); Treatment (Allogeneic, Autologous ); Application (Musculoskeletal, Dermatology, Cardiology, Drug Discovery and Development, Other Applications); End User (Hospitals and Specialty Clinics, Academic and Research Institutes)

Key Benefits

The report profiles the key players in the industry, along with a detailed analysis of their individual positions against the global landscape. The study conducts SWOT analysis to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the key players in the Stem Cell Therapy market. The researcher provides an extensive analysis of the Stem Cell Therapy market size, share, trends, overall earnings, gross revenue, and profit margin to accurately draw a forecast and provide expert insights to investors to keep them updated with the trends in the market.

Competitive scenario:

The study assesses factors such as segmentation, description, and applications of Stem Cell Therapy industries. It derives accurate insights to give a holistic view of the dynamic features of the business, including shares, profit generation, thereby directing focus on the critical aspects of the business.

Scope of the Report

The research on the Stem Cell Therapy market focuses on mining out valuable data on investment pockets, growth opportunities, and major market vendors to help clients understand their competitors methodologies. The research also segments the Stem Cell Therapy market on the basis of end user, product type, application, and demography for the forecast period 20212027. Comprehensive analysis of critical aspects such as impacting factors and competitive landscape are showcased with the help of vital resources, such as charts, tables, and infographics.

Promising Regions & Countries Mentioned in The Stem Cell Therapy Market Report:

Major highlights of the report:

All-inclusive evaluation of the parent market

Evolution of significant market aspects

Industry-wide investigation of market segments

Assessment of market value and volume in past, present, and forecast years

Evaluation of market share

Study of niche industrial sectors

Tactical approaches of market leaders

Lucrative strategies to help companies strengthen their position in the market

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All Things Stem Cell Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A …

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) recently celebrated the 10th anniversary of their discovery, and in the decade since their isolation they have possibly received more press coverage, both over their many potential applications as well as ethical concerns, than any other type of stem cell. In the last decade, much progress has been made in better understanding these cells and their capabilities. hESCs hold much promise not only for being cellular models of human development and function, but also for use in the field of regenerative medicine. However, due to ethical and application concerns, only recently have these cells made it to clinical trials.

Figure 1: The Blastocyst. Human embryonic stem cells are isolated from early-stage embryos in the late blastocyst stage, about four or five days after fertilization. The blastocyst is a hollow sphere made of approximately 150 cells and contains three distinct areas: the trophoblast, which is the surrounding outer layer that later becomes the placenta, the blastocoel, which is a fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst, and the inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast, which can become the embryo proper, or fetus, and is where hESCs are isolated from.

Though human embryonic stem cells were isolated just over a decade ago, embryonic stem cells were successfully isolated from other animals before this. Nearly 30 years ago, two groups independently reported the isolation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) (Martin, 1981; Evans and Kaufman, 1981). The mESCs were isolated from early-stage mouse embryos, approximately four to six days post-fertilization (out of 21 days total for mouse gestation). At this point in development, the embryo is in the late blastocyst stage (see figure 1). It was not until the mid-1990s that this feat was accomplished with non-human primates by Dr. James Thomsons group (Thomson et al., 1995). Only a few years later, embryonic stem cells isolated from humans, once again by Thomsons group, in 1998 (Thomson et al., 1998).

It is important to understand where hESCs come from in order to understand the ethical arguments that surround them, as well as their enormous, innate biological potential. Like mESCs, hESCs are isolated from early-stage embryos that are, specifically, in the late blastocyst stage, about four or five days after fertilization. After the fertilized egg cell starts cell division, what is referred to as the blastocyst occurs once the cell has divided into a hollow sphere made up of approximately 150 cells (see figure 1). At this point, the embryo has not even yet been implanted in the uterus. The blastocyst contains three distinct areas: the trophoblast, which is the surrounding outer layer that later becomes the placenta, the blastocoel, which is a fluid-filled cavity within the blastocyst, and the inner cell mass, also known as the embryoblast, which can become the embryo proper, or fetus. Embryonic stem cells can be created from cells taken from the inner cell mass (Stem Cell Basics: What are embryonic stem cells?, 2009). Because these cells are taken from such an early stage in development, they have the ability to become cells of any tissue type (except for the whole embryo itself), making them pluripotent. The pluripotency of hESCs is probably the trait that contributes most to their enormous potential, both as models of cell function and human development and, potentially, for uses in regenerative medicine. Being pluripotent and seemingly unlimited in supply separates hESCs from adult stem cells, which are multipotent or unipotent, able to become a more select group of cell types, and more limited in their cellular lifespan.

Because these cells are taken from human embryos, researchers have taken many steps to address ethical concerns. For the original creation of hESCs in 1998, blastocysts used were donated with full donor consent from in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics (Thomson et al., 1998). Additionally, many researchers use blastocysts that would have been discarded by the IVF clinic because the embryos were damaged in some way and would never develop properly (Cowan et al., 2004; Suss-Toby et al., 2004; Jiang et al., 2008). Researchers have even found ways to isolate human embryonic stem cells while leaving the donor embryo intact and potentially able to develop normally; even earlier in development than the blastocyst stage, when the fertilized egg contains only 8 to 10 cells, researchers have shown that they can remove one of these cells and create a line of hESCs and the remaining cells will continue to function as usual (Klimanskaya et al., 2006). The National Academies has also developed extensive guidelines of ethical standards for researchers to follow.

Figure 2: A Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony. Human embryonic stem cells grow in colonies, or groups of stem cells, along with supportive fibroblastic cells called feeder cells.

Though there have been many obstacles in place that have delayed hESCs from being widely used in regenerative medicine, much progress has been made in overcoming them. Because of their pluripotency, one defining feature of hESCs is the ability to create a tumor when injected into a mouse. These tumors, called teratomas, are tumors made up of a wide variety of different cell types. Consequently, it is important that all hESCs be completely differentiated into the desired target cell type for therapies, as undifferentiated hESCs could potentially create teratomas when used in humans (Thomson et al., 1998). Additionally, hESCs are often co-cultured with other supportive fibroblast cells, called feeder cells, and many such cells are of mouse origin (Thomson et al., 1998) (see figure 2). This raises concerns of non-human contaminants in hESC cultures, though it is an area of much study and many alternative methods that can create completely xeno-free culture systems have been espoused (Lannon et al., 2008). Lastly, there is difficulty in making patient-specific cells from hESCs, which is less of a problem for using many adult stem cells. However, this last problem, along with aforementioned ethical concerns, is quickly being addressed with the recent creation of hESC-like cells from adult cells, termed induced pluripotent stem cells (Yu et al., 2007; Takahashi et al., 2007).

Overall, hESCs have made much progress in the decade since their discovery, despite the hurdles set before them. Recently, many previous political restrictions have recently been removed by President Obama and researchers have even recently had FDA approval for the first clinical studies. These first clinical studies, specifically for using hESCs to treat spinal cord injuries, hopefully mark just the beginning for more clinical studies using these very promising stem cells.

References

Cowan, C. A., Klimanskaya, I., McMahon, J., Atienza, J., Witmyer, J., Zucker, J. P., Wang, S., Morton, C. C., McMahon, A. P., Powers, D., and Melton, D. A. Derivation of Embryonic Stem-Cell Lines from Human Blastocysts. New Engl. J. of Med. 2004. 350: 1353-1356. View Article

Evans, M. J. and Kaufman, M. H. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature. 1981. 292: 154 156. View Article

Jiang, Y., Sun, X., Long, X., Du, H., Chen, X., Yin, Y., Huang, S., Wang, W., and Xiao, G. Derivation of two human embryonic stem cell lines form discarded blastocysts and maintained in conditioned media from human foreskin fibroblasts feeder cells without serum. Cell Research. 2008. 18:s42. View Article

Klimanskaya, I., Chung, Y., Becker, S., Lu, S., and Lanza, R. Human embryonic stem cell lines derived from single blastomeres. Nature. 2006. 444: 481-485. View Article

Lannon, C., Moody, J., King, D., Thomas, T., Eaves, A., and Miller, C. A defined, feeder-independent medium for human embryonic stem cell culture. Cell Research. 2008. 18:s34. View Article

Martin, G. R. Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells. PNAS. 1981. 78(12): 7634-7638. View Article

Stem Cell Basics: What are embryonic stem cells? In Stem Cell Information [World Wide Web site]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 [cited Friday, April 17, 2009]. Available at: http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3

Suss-Toby, E., Gerecht-Nir, S., Amit, M., Manor, D. and Itskovitz-Eldor, J. Derivation of a diploid human embryonic stem cell line from a mononuclear zygote. Human Reprod. 2004. 19(3): 670-675. View Article

Takahashi, K., Tanabe, K., Ohnuki, M., Narita, M., Ichisaka, T., Tomoda, K., and Yamanaka, S. Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors. Cell. 2007. 131(5): 861-672. View Article

Thomson, J. A., Kalishman, J., Golos, T. G., Durning, M., Harris, C. P., Becker, R. A., and J P Hearn. Isolation of a primate embryonic stem cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 1995. 92: 7844 7848. View Article

Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M. A., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S., and Jones, J. M. Science. Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts. 1998. 282(5391): 1145 1147. View Article

Yu, J., Vodyanik, M. A., Smuga-Otto, K., Antosiewicz-Bourget, J., Frane, J. L., Tian, S., Nie, J., Jonsdottir, G. A., Ruotti, V., Stewart, R., Slukvin, I. I., Thomson, J. A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Somatic Cells. Science. 2007. 318(5858): 1917 1920. View Article

Original The Blastocyst image modified from the Wikimedia Commons and image of a Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colony also taken from the Wikimedia Commons. Both are redistributed freely as they are in the public domain.

admin Embryonic Stem Cells clinical trials, embryonic, history, news, regenerative medicine 2009-2010, Teisha Rowland. All rights reserved.

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SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 Is Expressed on Very Small CD45(-) Precursors of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells and in Response to Virus Spike…

This article was originally published here

Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2020 Jul 20. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10010-z. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays an important role as a member of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating the conversion of angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin (1-7) (Ang [1-7]). But at the same time, while expressed on the surface of human cells, ACE2 is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Expression of this receptor has been described in several types of cells, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which raises a concern that the virus may infect and damage the stem cell compartment. We demonstrate for the first time that ACE2 and the entry-facilitating transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 are expressed on very small CD133+CD34+LinCD45 cells in human umbilical cord blood (UCB), which can be specified into functional HSCs and EPCs. The existence of these cells known as very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSELs) has been confirmed by several laboratories, and some of them may correspond to putative postnatal hemangioblasts. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that, in human VSELs and HSCs, the interaction of the ACE2 receptor with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activates the Nlrp3 inflammasome, which if hyperactivated may lead to cell death by pyroptosis. Based on this finding, there is a possibility that human VSELs residing in adult tissues could be damaged by SARS-CoV-2, with remote effects on tissue/organ regeneration. We also report that ACE2 is expressed on the surface of murine bone marrow-derived VSELs and HSCs, although it is known that murine cells are not infected by SARS-CoV-2. Finally, human and murine VSELs express several RAAS genes, which sheds new light on the role of these genes in the specification of early-development stem cells. Graphical Abstract Human VSELs and HSCs express ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV2 entry. Interaction of viral spike protein with ACE2 receptor may hyperactivate Nlrp3 inflammasome which induces cell death by pyroptosis. SARS-CoV2 may also enter cells and eliminate them by cell lysis. What is not shown since these cells express also Ang II receptor they may hyperactivate Nlrp3 inflammasome in response to Ang II which may induce pyroptosis. Our data indicates that Ang 1-7 may have a protective effect.

PMID:32691370 | DOI:10.1007/s12015-020-10010-z

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SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 Is Expressed on Very Small CD45(-) Precursors of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells and in Response to Virus Spike...

Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Product Types, And Applications Forecast To 2026 – Connected…

The Global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market report by DataIntelo.com provides a detailed analysis of the area marketplace expanding; competitive landscape; global, regional, and country-level market size; impact market players; market growth analysis; market share; opportunities analysis; product launches; recent developments; sales analysis; segmentation growth; technological innovations; and value chain optimization. This is a latest report, covering the current COVID-19 impact on the market. The pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19) has affected every aspect of life globally. This has brought along several changes in market conditions. The rapidly changing market scenario and initial and future assessment of the impact is covered in the report.

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Market Segmentation

The Global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market has been divided into product types, application, and regions. These segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help customers increase their business and take calculated decisions.

By Product Types, Totipotent Stem Cells Pluripotent Stem Cells Unipotent Stem Cells

By Applications, Research Clinical Trials Others

By Regions and Countries, Asia Pacific: China, Japan, India, and Rest of Asia Pacific Europe: Germany, the UK, France, and Rest of Europe North America: The US, Mexico, and Canada Latin America: Brazil and Rest of Latin America Middle East & Africa: GCC Countries and Rest of Middle East & Africa

The regional analysis segment is a highly comprehensive part of the report on the global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) market. This section offers information on the sales growth in these regions on a country-level Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) market.

The historical and forecast information provided in the report span between 2018 and 2026. The report provides detailed volume analysis and region-wise market size analysis of the market.

Competitive Landscape of the Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market

The chapter on competitive landscape provides information about key company overview, global presence, sales and revenue generated, market share, prices, and strategies used.

Major players in the global Human Embryonic Stem Cells (HESC) Market include ESI BIO Thermo Fisher BioTime MilliporeSigma BD Biosciences Astellas Institute of Regenerative Medicine Asterias Biotherapeutics Cell Cure Neurosciences PerkinElmer Takara Bio Cellular Dynamics International Reliance Life Sciences Research & Diagnostics Systems SABiosciences STEMCELL Technologies Stemina Biomarker Discovery Takara Bio TATAA Biocenter UK Stem Cell Bank ViaCyte Vitrolife

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Scientists Created Tiny Organs That Could Bring an End to Animal Testing – Interesting Engineering

Scientists have created organs that are one-millionth the size of a regular human organ.

An entire system of miniature organs known as "organoids" has been created by scientists at the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine. In doing so they have built the world's most sophisticated lab model of the human body.

The whole point of the system is that these tiny organs, or "organoids", can successfully determine if a pharmaceutical product is toxic to the human body or not, which would also help put an end to animal testing. The world of organoids is not completely new, however, the Wake Forest experiment has been dubbed as the"World's Most Sophisticated Lab Model of the Human Body."

Their findings were published in the scientific journal Biofabrication.

SEE ALSO: NASA EXPERIMENT: ASTRONAUTS GROWING ORGANS ABOARD THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION

Developing new medical drugs requires a lot of money, time, and sometimes the lives of a great many animals.According to a report published in theAmerican Journal of Gastroenterology, it costs an estimated $868 million to $1.24 billion to develop a drug. It's even more disheartening when drugs that have cost a lot of time, effort, money, and animal lives have to then be pulled off of the shelf, as they can't adequately predict whether or not the substance will be toxic to humans in the longer term.Now, a minute innovation may provide some huge answers.

Researchers from the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Ohio State Universityhave developed an entire system that replicates human organs in microscopic sizes. Everything from the liver, to the heart, and lungs are able to be recreated in tiny sizes so as to improve pharmaceuticals looking to run tests that currently require petri dishes or animals.

The system was then embedded onto a computer chip.

"We tried to make the organs very much related to how they look inside of you, very similar to how they would look on the macro scale if we were implanting them into you," study co-author Anthony Atala, chair and institute director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine toldPopular Mechanics.

These mini-organs have been dubbed "organoids" and are 3D tissue cultures that are sourced from stem cells. To give an estimation of just how small these are, they range from the size of less than the width of a strand of hair to five millimeters.

This isn't the first time researchers have created organoids in a lab, Atala himself has been working on organoids since the early 2000s. However, this is the first time that they have been able to successfully demonstrate levels of toxicity to humans.

Atala and his team focused on building a system as close to the real human system as possible. For instance, the organoid heart pumps roughly 60 times per minute, similar to the human heart. The human liver contains five major cell types, as does the organoid one.

Once the organoids are grown, the researchers can then run tests on them. This is where animal testing could be eradicated.

Atala mentioned"We can test chemotherapies to see which would work best for a given patient. This is great for personalized medicine."This is a huge step forward in the field of medicine.

Interestingly, the foundations for organoid research can be dated back to 1906, when Ross Granville Harrison first adapted a three-dimensional cell culture method called the "hanging drop" for use in the study of embryonic tissues.

For the uninitiated, Harrison was an American biologist and anatomist who is credited for growing the first artificial nerve tissue culture. His contributions would be the guiding path towards the discovery of the nerve growth factor in the 1950s, a vital building block to our study of stem cells today. Over the past 15 years, though there are still limitations, organs can be grown in a lab, and the field is continuing to innovate.

But how do they do it? Within a laboratory setting, researchers must first isolate small samples of human organs and tissues to ensure that tiny organs have the same functionality. What does this mean? As mentioned above, if you were to create an organoid heart, it would pump at the same rate as a human heart. This is why the world of tiny organs is so exciting.

Other research teams outside Ohio State University and the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine have also created organoids. In addition to the miniature lab model of the human body, which is useful for testing drugs, organoids also have the capacity to act as organ replacements.

So what have researchers grown so far?

The Center for Regenerative Medicine created a pair of working lab-grown kidney organoids. These organs were then transplanted into rats by researchers. Accordingto the research articlewhere it mentions the study in detail, "Approximately 100,000 individuals in the United States currently await kidney transplantation, and 400,000 individuals live with end-stage kidney disease requiring hemodialysis."

Transplantable, permanently replaceable kidneys would help address this current problem. To do this, the bioengineered graft would need to have the kidney's architecture and function and permit perfusion, filtration, secretion, absorption, and drainage of urine.

Above all, it would need to be compatible with the recipient, to avoid rejection. Researchers were not only able to create these tiny kidneys and transplant them into rats but on transplanting the kidney, the new organs were able to filter blood and produce urine successfully.

The MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine has also made progress in the world of organoids, creating tiny livers. In the study, researchers were able to take liver stems, or hepatic progenitor cells, to regrow damaged livers in mice. How did this work? Researchers extracted stem cells from a group of healthy mice. They then took these cells and had them mature in the lab. Once mature, the cells were transplanted back in the mice without any liver failure. The entire process took about three months.

Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center have grown organoid intestines.

Using pluripotent stem cells, researchers were able to grow human intestinal tissue in the lab. However, compared to other processes mentioned in this article, they did something different. To get the tissue to adopt adult tissue architecture, researchers transplanted the tissue to the kidney of a mouse, where it matured within the animal.

Researchers at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center hope that this method could ultimately be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases globally.

Yes, we can. Created also by a research team at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, researchers have found a way to grow three-dimensional gastric tissue. The process involves taking human pluripotent stem cells and coaxing them into becoming stomach cells. The result? Organoids that were only three millimeters in diameter. Tiny organs like these could be used to study various disease models and their effects on the stomach.

According to theresearch team, "Gastric diseases, including peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, affect 10% of the world's population and are largely due to chronic Helicobacter pylori infection.

Species differences in embryonic development and architecture of the adult stomach make animal models suboptimal for studying human stomach organogenesis and pathogenesis, and there is no experimental model of the normal human gastric mucosa."

The darker side of drug testing usually involves animal testing. For the uninitiated, animal testing often centers around the procedures performed on living animals for the research into basic biology and diseases, assessing the effectiveness of new medicinal products, and testing the health and environmental safety of consumer and industry products.

This can include cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals, and industrial/agrochemicals.

Sadly, animals that are part of these procedures tend to be killed or may even be reused in other experiments. According to theHumane Society International, an estimated 115 million animals are tested on worldwide each year.

As more tiny organs are developed in labs across the world, we will be able to slowly tackle the ethical challenges of animal testing, while creating better and safer drugs for humans. Even more so, the world of organoids is a precursor to the coming age of lab-ready organ transplants.

For the latest innovations in Medical Technology, be sure to stop by here.

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Scientists Created Tiny Organs That Could Bring an End to Animal Testing - Interesting Engineering

In Cells and Whole Organisms, Repair Mechanisms Imply Foresight, Not Evolution – Discovery Institute

Photo credit: JC Gellidon via Unsplash.

Cells and organisms come pre-equipped with repair mechanisms. It takes foresight to make complex tools and procedures that can restore the functions of other tools. A blind process like evolution can only see the immediate present; it would be unconcerned about what happens next. Repair implies something worth saving. The more delicate the product, the more elaborate the maintenance. Live is both worth saving and it is delicate. Predictably, the persistence of life presupposes elaborate repair systems are at work. The following research findings show just how complex some of these repair mechanisms are.

Here is a kind of repair strategy that truly would require foresight. A skilled orthopedic surgeon can look at a broken bone and, through years of training, know that before setting it, he needs to make the break worse. In a compound fracture, for instance, bending the bone farther can allow splintered bones to be put back together. Additionally, assistants in the operating room can apply materials or medicines while the surgeon holds the fracture open. Something like that happens in the nucleus or our cells, scientists found at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Sometimes, when something is broken, the first step to fixing it is to break it even more. A molecular machine named XPG could be dubbed an orthogenic surgeon (ortho- meaning straight).

We saw that XPG makes a beeline for discontinuous DNA places where the hydrogen bonds between bases on each strand of the helix have been disrupted and then it very dramatically bends the strand at that exact location, breaking the interface that connects bases stacked on top of each other, said Susan Tsutakawa, a structural biologist in the Biosciences Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) and first author on the work, published this month in PNAS. The bending activity adds to an already impressive arsenal, as XPG was first identified as a DNA chopping enzyme, responsible for cutting out nucleotide bases with chemical and UV radiation damage. [Emphasis added.]

Natural selection would never do this. First of all, how would XPG recognize a problem that doesnt affect it directly, and how would it know to make a beeline for something elses problem? Then, if by some accident of chance it bent the DNA strand, how would it know how to perform the next surgical step? XPG would be out of a job, rushing toward discontinuous DNA like a blind driver on a demolition derby, breaking genes here and there, killing the organism by a thousand cuts. Instead, look what it does:

An unexpected finding from our imaging data is that the flexible parts of the protein which were previously impossible to examine have the ability to recognize perturbations associated with many different types of DNA damage, said co-author Priscilla Cooper, a biochemist senior scientist in the Biosciences Area. XPG then uses its sculpting properties to bend the DNA in order to recruit and load into place the proteins that can fix that type of damage.

The scientists call this a protein with many jobs that is more like a master sculptor than a demolition crew. Without XPG, a person can incur devastating symptoms of diseases. Some of these fatal syndromes caused by faulty XPG are described in the press release. Often single amino acid substitutions can destabilize the entire protein, they say. If that doesnt clinch the case for design, consider also that the Lawrence Berkeley team found that XPG cooperates with other repair machines like BRCA1 and BRCA2. An entire operating-room team has the foresight to perform orthogenic surgery on DNA. The Darwin-free paper is published in PNAS.1

The brain is busier than a city all the time, even in sleep. Amidst all the clamor, one issue cannot be overlooked: how to dispose of dead cells. A recent article at Evolution News described how the cellular morgue takes care of the problem. In the brain, it is even more vital to quickly eliminate dead cells. A team at Yale School of Medicine heard music inside the skull: they found that astrocytes and microglia perform orchestrated roles and respect phagocytic territories during neuronal corpse removal in the brain. Each player knows its part.

Cell death is prevalent throughout life; however, the coordinated interactions and roles of phagocytes during corpse removal in the live brain are poorly understood. We developed photochemical and viral methodologies to induce death in single cells and combined this with intravital optical imaging. This approach allowed us to track multicellular phagocytic interactions with precise spatiotemporal resolution. Astrocytes and microglia engaged with dying neurons in an orchestrated and synchronized fashion. Each glial cell played specialized roles: Astrocyte processes rapidly polarized and engulfed numerous small dendritic apoptotic bodies, while microglia migrated and engulfed the soma and apical dendrites. The relative involvement and phagocytic specialization of each glial cell was plastic and controlled by the receptor tyrosine kinase Mertk Thus, a precisely orchestrated response and cross-talk between glial cells during corpse removal may be critical for maintaining brain homeostasis.

Their research is published in Science Advances.2 This paper was also Darwin-free except for an opening pinch of incense in the first sentence, Cell death is an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous process a useless offering that contributes nothing to the science except to show that evolution was not observed.

Every human life has value, even those with genetic defects (and which human being does not suffer from several?). Whats important to the argument for intelligent design from foresight is how carefully the body practices preventative medicine on the developing embryo. Scientists at Caltech point out,

The first few days of embryonic development are a critical point for determining the failure or success of a pregnancy. Because relatively few cells make up the embryo during this period, the health of each cell is vital to the health of the overall embryo. But often, these young cells have chromosomal aneuploidies meaning, there are too many or too few chromosome copies in the cell. Aneuploid cells lead to the failure of the pregnancy, or cause developmental defects such as Down syndrome later in gestation.

Fortunately, these young embryos perform their own quality control before most genetic abnormalities become established:

Researchers have found that the prevalence of aneuploidy is drastically lower as the embryo grows and develops. Using mouse embryos, scientists from the laboratory of Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz, Caltechs Bren Professor of Biology and Biological Engineering, now show that this is because embryos are able to rid themselves of abnormal cells just before and soon after implantation into the uterus, thereby keeping the whole embryo healthy.

It is remarkable that embryos can do this, says Zernicka-Goetz. It reflects their plasticity that gives them the power to self-repair.

The scientists found a double-protection mechanism. Not only are aneuploidy cells detected and eliminated, but healthy cells are stimulated to proliferate, compensating for the loss of unhealthy cells. The research paper, which also fails to give credit to evolution for this wonderful example of foresight and design, appeared in Nature Communications on June 11.3

Even plants, lacking eyes and brains, know how to repair damage. Plants have a handicap that makes repair more difficult: their repair teams cannot migrate to the site of the injury. Austrian scientists discovered a clever way that a plant can send repair enzymes to the rescue when a stem gets wounded.

Plants are sessile organisms that cannot evade wounding or pathogen attack, and their cells are encapsulated within cell walls, making it impossible to use cell migration for wound healing like animals. Thus, regeneration in plants largely relies on the coordination of targeted cell expansion and oriented cell division. Here we show in the root that the major growth hormone auxin is specifically activated in wound-adjacent cells, regulating cell expansion, cell division rates, and regeneration-involved transcription factor ERF115. These wound responses depend on cell collapse of the eliminated cells presumably perceived by the cell damage-induced changes in cellular pressure. This largely broadens our understanding of how wound responses are coordinated on a cellular level to mediate wound healing and prevent overproliferation.

The research is published in PNAS.4 Its satisfying to say, again, that their paper did not give any credit to evolution. This is one way design wins by default: repeated failures of Darwinists to show up for the game constitutes abdication.

The concept of repair presupposes foresight.5 How would a blind, unguided process recognize a problem? Even if a working plant or animal were granted a hypothetical existence by evolution, the easiest thing for natural selection to do when a problem occurs is to let the organism die. Uncaring selection owes it no further existence. As these examples show (and there are many, many more), life comes equipped with repair teams that are even more complex than expected. It is remarkable that embryos can do this, Caltech scientists said. Yale scientists watched a precisely orchestrated response to cell death in the brain. Lawrence Berkeley scientists did not expect to see a master sculptor in the nucleus already known to have an impressive arsenal of abilities able to surgically straighten DNA before their eyes. These are the emotional responses of people astonished by design beyond their dreams. If they attribute these wonders to evolution, their silence speaks volumes.

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In Cells and Whole Organisms, Repair Mechanisms Imply Foresight, Not Evolution - Discovery Institute

Gear up for the change! AgeX Therapeutics Inc. (AGE) has hit the volume of 2356457 – The InvestChronicle

Lets start up with the current stock price of AgeX Therapeutics Inc. (AGE), which is $1.26 to be very precise. The Stock rose vividly during the last session to $1.40 after opening rate of $0.99 while the lowest price it went was recorded $0.94 before closing at $0.96.

Recently in News on June 16, 2020, AgeX Therapeutics and Pluristyx Announce Manufacturing, Marketing, and Distribution Agreement to Expand Access to Clinical-Grade Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Therapeutic Applications. AgeX Therapeutics, Inc. (AgeX: NYSE American: AGE), a biotechnology company developing therapeutics for human aging and regeneration, and Pluristyx, Inc. (Seattle, WA), an advanced therapy tools and services company serving customers in the rapidly growing fields of regenerative medicine and cellular and gene therapies, today announced they have entered into a Manufacturing, Marketing, and Distribution Agreement through which Pluristyx will undertake these activities on behalf of AgeX with respect to AgeXs research- and clinical-grade ESI brand human embryonic stem cells, sometimes referred to as hESCs. You can read further details here

AgeX Therapeutics Inc. had a pretty Dodgy run when it comes to the market performance. The 1-year high price for the companys stock is recorded $2.2400 on 01/02/20, with the lowest value was $0.6660 for the same time period, recorded on 04/21/20.

Price records that include history of low and high prices in the period of 52 weeks can tell a lot about the stocks existing status and the future performance. Presently, AgeX Therapeutics Inc. shares are logging -59.87% during the 52-week period from high price, and 89.19% higher than the lowest price point for the same timeframe. The stocks price range for the 52-week period managed to maintain the performance between $0.67 and $3.14.

The companys shares, operating in the sector of Healthcare managed to top a trading volume set approximately around 2356457 for the day, which was evidently higher, when compared to the average daily volumes of the shares.

When it comes to the year-to-date metrics, the AgeX Therapeutics Inc. (AGE) recorded performance in the market was -30.77%, having the revenues showcasing 59.01% on a quarterly basis in comparison with the same period year before. At the time of this writing, the total market value of the company is set at 50.56M, as it employees total of 17 workers.

According to the data provided on Barchart.com, the moving average of the company in the 100-day period was set at 0.8843, with a change in the price was noted +0.1000. In a similar fashion, AgeX Therapeutics Inc. posted a movement of +8.62% for the period of last 100 days, recording 309,646 in trading volumes.

Raw Stochastic average of AgeX Therapeutics Inc. in the period of last 50 days is set at 45.74%. The result represents downgrade in oppose to Raw Stochastic average for the period of the last 20 days, recording 77.27%. In the last 20 days, the companys Stochastic %K was 68.95% and its Stochastic %D was recorded 58.59%.

Considering, the past performance of AgeX Therapeutics Inc., multiple moving trends are noted. Year-to-date Price performance of the companys stock appears to be encouraging, given the fact the metric is recording -30.77%. Additionally, trading for the stock in the period of the last six months notably deteriorated by -31.89%, alongside a downfall of -55.16% for the period of the last 12 months. The shares increased approximately by 37.45% in the 7-day charts and went down by 55.12% in the period of the last 30 days. Common stock shares were driven by 59.01% during last recorded quarter.

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Gear up for the change! AgeX Therapeutics Inc. (AGE) has hit the volume of 2356457 - The InvestChronicle

Why are scientists trying to manufacture organs in space? – Stuff Magazines

Gravity can be a real downer when you are trying to grow organs.

Thats why experiments in space are so valuable. They have revealed a new perspective into biological sciences, including insights into making human tissues.

Gravity influences cellular behavior by impacting how protein and genes interact inside the cells, creating tissue that ispolarized, a fundamental step for natural organ development. Unfortunately, gravity is against us when we try to reproduce complex three dimensional tissues in the lab for medical transplantation. This is difficult because of the intrinsic limitations of bio-reactors used on Earth.

I am a stem cell biologist and interested on brain health and evolution. My lab studies how the human brain is formed inside the womb and how alterations in this process might have lifelong consequences to human behavior, such as in autism or schizophrenia. Part of that work includes growing brain cells in space.

To build organized tissues in the lab, scientists use scaffolds to provide a surface for cells to attach based on a predetermined rigid shape. For example, an artificial kidney needs a structure, or scaffold, of a certain shape for kidney cells to grow on. Indeed, this strategy helps the tissue to organize in the early stages but creates problems in the long run, such as eventual immune reactions to these synthetic scaffolds or inaccurate structures.

By contrast, in weightless conditions, cells can freely self-organize into their correct three-dimensional structure without the need for a scaffold substrate. By removing gravity from the equation, we researchers might learn new ways of building human tissues, such as cartilage and blood vessels that are scaffold-free, mimicking their natural cellular arrangement in an artificial setting. While this is not exactly what happens in the womb (after all the womb is also subject to gravity), weightless conditions does give us an advantage.

And this is precisely what is happening at the International Space Station.

These experiments help researchers optimize tissue growth for use in basic science, personalized medicine and organ transplantation.

But there are other reasons why we should manufacture organs in space. Long-term space missions create a series of physiological alterations in the body of astronauts. While some of these alterations are reversible with time, others are not, compromising future human spaceflights.

Studying astronauts bodies before and after their mission can reveal what goes wrong on their organs, but provides little insights on the mechanisms responsible for the observed alterations. Thus, growing human tissues in space can complement this type of investigation and reveal ways to counteract it.

Finally, all forms of life that we know about have evolved in the presence of microgravity. Without gravity, our brains might have evolved in a different trajectory, or our livers might not filter liquids as it does on Earth.

By recreating embryonic organ formation in space, we can anticipate how the human body in the womb would develop. There are several research initiatives going on in my lab with human brain organoids at ISS, designed to learn the impact of zero gravity on the developing human brain. These projects will have profound implications for future human colonization (can humans successfully reproduce in space?). These studies will also improve the generation of artificial organs that are used for testing drugs and treatments on Earth. Will better treatments for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative conditions that affects millions of people come from research in space?

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Why are scientists trying to manufacture organs in space? - Stuff Magazines

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Report Examines Analysis By Size, Share, Latest Trends, Future Growth, Top Key Players And Forecast To 2027 – Jewish…

The New Report Titled as Stem Cell Therapy Market published by Global Marketers, covers the market landscape and its evolution predictions during the forecast period. The report objectives to provide an overview of global Stem Cell Therapy Market with detailed market segmentation by solution, security type, application and geography. The Stem Cell Therapy Market is anticipated to eyewitness high growth during the forecast period. The report delivers key statistics on the market status of the leading market players and deals key trends and opportunities in the market.

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This research report also includes profiles of major companies operating in the global market. Some of the prominent players operating in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market are:

Celgene Corporation Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. Pharmicell Co., Ltd MEDIPOST Co., Ltd. Promethera Biosciences Fibrocell Science, Inc. Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l. Cytori Therapeutics Nuvasive, Inc. RTI Surgical, Inc. Anterogen Co., Ltd. RTI Surgical, Inc

The Stem Cell Therapy Market for the regions covers North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Regional breakdown has been done based on the current and forthcoming trends in the global Stem Cell Therapy Market along with the discrete application segment across all the projecting region.

Ask For Discount: https://www.reportspedia.com/discount_inquiry/discount/57925

The Type Coverage in the Market are:

Adult Stem Cells Human Embryonic Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Very Small Embryonic Like Stem Cells

Market Segment by Applications, covers:

Regenerative Medicine Drug Discovery and Development

Some Major TOC Points:

Chapter 1. Stem Cell Therapy Market Report Overview

Chapter 2. Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Growth Trends

Chapter 3. Market Share by Key Players

Chapter 4. Stem Cell Therapy Market Breakdown Data by Type and Application

Chapter 5. Market by End Users/Application

Chapter 6. COVID-19 Outbreak: Stem Cell Therapy Industry Impact

Chapter 7. Opportunity Analysis in Covid-19 Crisis

Chapter 9. Market Driving Force

Continue for TOC

Do you want any other requirement or customize the report, Do Inquiry Here: https://www.reportspedia.com/report/business-services/2015-2027-global-stem-cell-therapy-industry-market-research-report,-segment-by-player,-type,-application,-marketing-channel,-and-region/57925#inquiry_before_buying

Key questions Answered in this Stem Cell Therapy Market Report:

What will be the Stem Cell Therapy Market growth rate and value in 2020?

What are the key market predictions?

What is the major factors of driving this sector?

What are the situations to market growth?

Major factors covered in the report:

Global Stem Cell Therapy Market summary

Economic Impact on the Industry

Stem Cell Therapy Market Competition in terms of Manufacturers

Stem Cell Therapy Market Analysis by Application

Marketing Strategy comprehension, Distributors and Traders

Study on Market Research Factors

Table of Content & Report Detail @ https://www.reportspedia.com/report/business-services/2015-2027-global-stem-cell-therapy-industry-market-research-report,-segment-by-player,-type,-application,-marketing-channel,-and-region/57925#table_of_contents

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Global Stem Cell Therapy Market Report Examines Analysis By Size, Share, Latest Trends, Future Growth, Top Key Players And Forecast To 2027 - Jewish...

Differentiation of Human iPS and ES Cells – Scientist Live

AMSBIO has introduced StemFit for Differentiation - a new chemically defined and animal component-free formulation that enables unmatched differentiation of human Induced Pluripotent Stem (hiPS) and Embryonic Stem (hES) cells.

The unique chemically defined composition of StemFit for Differentiation minimizes lot-to-lot variation, enabling highly consistent cell differentiation. Free of animal- and human-derived components, StemFit for Differentiation can be used to eliminate the risk of immunogenic contamination.

Applications proven to benefit from StemFit for Differentiation include: lineage-specific (endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal) differentiation where this new product is used to replace serum-free supplements, as well as spontaneous differentiation of hiPSCs to organoids via embryoid body formation.

Used in combination with StemFit Basic feeder-free medium with iMatrix-511 laminin as extracellular matrix, StemFit for Differentiation enables researchers to undertake clinical applications involving both expansion and differentiation of human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived cells and tissues.

Supplied as a 5X concentrate, StemFit for Differentiation has been formulated for use with basal cell culture medium (e.g. DMEM, RPMI 1640, DMEM/F12 etc.) and a variety of different induction factors or cytokines (including Activin A and bFGF from AMSBIO).

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Differentiation of Human iPS and ES Cells - Scientist Live