Difference Between Adult and Embryonic Stem Cells | Compare …

The key difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is that adult stem cells are multipotent while embryonic stem cells are pluripotent.

Stem cells are a category of cells with the ability to divide and develop into different types of cells in the body. They are distinguished from the normal cells since they divide and renew themselves over a longer period of time. Moreover, they are unspecialized cells with no specific cellular function in the body. They have the potential to differentiate and become specialized cells in the body such as brain cells, blood cells, and muscle cells. Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are two types of stem cells.

1. Overview and Key Difference2. What areAdult Stem Cells3. What are Embryonic Stem Cells4. Similarities Between Adult and Embryonic Stem Cells5. Side by Side Comparison Adult vs Embryonic Stem Cells in Tabular Form6. Summary

Adult stem cells are present in differentiated tissues of the body. These tissues include skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, brain, eye, dental pulp, skin, bone marrow, blood and lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, adult stem cells remain in these tissues undifferentiated, with continuous self-renewal and producing identical copies of cells throughout the lifetime of the organism. They undergo differentiation into specialized cells of their tissues of origin when needed.

Figure 01: Adult Stem Cells Repair

Hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cells present in the bone marrow. They are considered multipotent stem cells as they give rise to different types of blood cells from a single type of cells. Regulated gene expression is responsible for these variations in differentiated cells. It is controlled by special types of transcription factors. Also, stem cells present in the brain are multipotent. They give rise to both muscle and blood cells.

Embryonic stem cells are the undifferentiated cells present in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst a hollow ball of cells developed from the zygote after rapid mitosis. Hence, these stem cells are categorized as stem cells present in the early stages of embryonic development.

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. Therefore, they give rise to cells of three germ layers endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm except the placenta and umbilical cord. Pluripotency distinguishes embryonic stem cells from adult stem cells.

Figure 02: Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells provide valuable assistance as a renewable resource in the study of diseases and for testing of potential therapeutics and drugs. Under defined conditions, embryonic stem cells possess the ability to divide indefinitely.

Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells are the two main types of stem cells. The key difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is that adult cells are multipotent as they have a limited ability to differentiate while embryonic stem cells are pluripotent as they have the ability to differentiate into any cell type. Also, a further difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is that the embryonic stem cells can readily grow in cell cultures while the growth of adult stem cells in cell cultures is very challenging.

Moreover, a significant difference between adult and embryonic stem cells is that the adult stem cells are present in adult tissues while embryonic stem cells are present in the early development at the blastocyst stage.

The key difference between adult and embryonic stem cells lies in their potency. That is; the adult stem cells are multipotent while embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. Adult stem cells are present in differentiated tissues of the body such as liver, pancreas, skeletal muscle, etc. Regulated gene expression is responsible for variations in differentiated cells derived from adult stem cells. On the other hand, embryonic stem cells are present in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. These stem cells give rise to the cells of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Furthermore, embryonic stem cells divide indefinitely under defined conditions. This is the summary of the difference between adult and embryonic stem cells.

1. The Adult Stem Cell. National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Available here.2. Stem Cells. A Closer Look at Stem Cells, Available here.

1. Stemcellheartrepair By US gov -(Public Domain) via Commons Wikimedia2. Human embryonic stem cells only A : Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png: (Images: Nissim Benvenisty)derivative work: Vojtech.dostal (talk) Human_embryonic_stem_cells.png (CC BY 2.5) via Commons Wikimedia

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Difference Between Adult and Embryonic Stem Cells | Compare ...

Science Fiction Becoming Reality – Reporter Magazine

by Tyler English | published Dec. 11th, 2019

illustration by Darius Serebrova

Ever wonder where those neon yellow, green, blue and pink fish came from? You know, the ones that have all the matching accessories: tanks, decorations, rocks and their own special ultraviolet light? Well, as it turns out, a team ofscientists in Singapore were the first ones to genetically modify fish to glow in such a way.

Genetic editing in small animals and plants has been aroundsince the 1970s, according to Synthego, a company that providesgeneticallyedited stem cells. Starting with plants and bacteria, scientists began to explore the realm of DNA and genetics. As their understanding of the proteins grew, so did their curiosity.

When scientists learned how to modify the genes of small, simple organisms, they began to wonder, "How could this be applied to humans?"

The scientific community is stirring with the emergence of CRISPR DNA,more specifically known as the CRISPR-Cas9 protein.CRISPR stands forClustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats.CRISPR is a faster, cheaper and more accurate way of editing the genome, according to theNational Institute of Health.By sending in two different pieces of CRISPR DNA,scientists are able to modify genes. To do so, theycutout areas of genes that aren'tperforming how they should be or as they're expected to.

Dr. Sandi Connelly, a principallecturer in the Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, explained how DNA works and what the CRISPRCas-9 protein actually does. Connelly compared DNA to a street of houses each person has different foundations that sprout out different and unique homes.

CRISPR is a piece of DNA, and we [scientists] attach to it an enzyme ...it cuts the DNA at a very specific place like a pair of scissors, Connelly said. When we look at CRISPR, typically we look at CRISPR Cas-9."

Whereas CRISPR is the DNA itself, Cas-9 is the enzyme, a specialized protein that splits the DNA.Connelly said that this allows for both the CRISPR DNA and the original DNA to stick together like magnets. However, due to the specificity of this technique, scientists need to know where in the DNA they'relooking.

Using those same enzymes, we can cut [and] place back inthe good gene, Connelly said.

Now, this technique would not be doneby injecting the CRISPR DNA directlyinto a fully grown adult. Instead,scientists would take a sample of a persons bone marrow and alter the genes of those cells. Since bone marrow is responsible for producing red blood cells, the new altered bone marrow will produce cells with the new DNA.

Connelly saidthechangeswouldnot be instantaneous.The human body replaces a majority of its cells within 13 days, soit would take around two weeks for the newly edited gene to be present in the human body.

The ability to now alter genes of morecomplexorganisms brings with it a variety of applications. Plants can be changed to increase nutritional value and pesticidal properties,whereas bacteria can be used to generate hormones and medicines.

Dr. David Holtzman,an adjunct professor in the College of Science, understands how gene editing is used and what it could be used for.

Most people are familiar with it [gene editing] for things like modifying plants ...[but] there is a lot of misunderstanding about gene editing, Holtzman said.

There is a lot of misunderstanding about gene editing.

CRISPR has begun to work its way into at-home kits, where those with some scientificexpertise can genetically modify their own plants to glow or be a different color. This is fairly simple in the world of gene editing as it is changing a simple expressed trait one that isbiologically shown.

Genes decide what traits a person has, but that persons environment and what happens to their body determines how those traits are expressed. As gene editing becomes more and more innovative, Holtzman said that there are limitations to what gene editing can and cannot do.

It turns out most traits are more than one gene, Holtzman said.

Holtzman used hair color as an example. Numerous genes and sections of DNA code for what an individual's hair colorwill be. Itcan behard and time-consuming to find the right area of the DNA to target for modification.

Connelly talked about the idea of changing hair coloras well,but took it a few steps further. Shesuggestedthat we may start wanting to create offspring that all have blonde hair and blue eyes, which realistically we could accomplish. This then opens parents up to the ideas of having all male children or all female children.

In recent years, science has progressed faster than we could have thought.What appeared to be science fiction in the past is inching ever closer to our scientific reality.

The ability to do [new]things happens a lot faster than our understanding of what we are doing, Holtzman said.

Regardless of the potential scientific progress that could be made, Holtzman, Connelly and other members of the scientific community are having conversations about what should be done with this technology. Where should the limits lie, and how far should humans gowith genetic technology?

"Where should the limits lie, and how far should humansgowith genetic technology?"

If our parents changed our genes, they would also be changing the genes of all of our descendants by extension. Did they consent to something like that?

Some might argue, whether we gene edit or not, we dont really have control over what our parents did, Holtzman said. There is the possibility that if we changed [certain genes]then we can change them back.

Reversal isn't a guarantee, though.

Holtzman mentioned ways in which gene editing could greatly improve the quality of life for all humankind, such as curing Alzheimers disease. Connelly brought up how easy it would be to reduce the effects of aging using genetic modification.

The consequences of the choices made nowmay not affect the generation making them. As the movement to improve the genetic composition of the human race pushes forward,plots in sci-finovelsmay no longer be abstract, distant futures. Rather, for better or worse, they could bethe reality we are setting up for generations to come.

Excerpt from:
Science Fiction Becoming Reality - Reporter Magazine

Brenner and Rector’s The Kidney, 2-Volume Set. Edition No. 11 – ResearchAndMarkets.com – Associated Press

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Dec 6, 2019--

The Brenner and Rectors The Kidney, 2-Volume Set. Edition No. 11 book has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.coms offering.

Put the worlds most well-known kidney reference to work in your practice with the 11th Edition of Brenner & Rectors The Kidney. This two-volume masterwork provides expert, well-illustrated information on everything from basic science and pathophysiology to clinical best practices. Addressing current issues such as new therapies for cardiorenal syndrome, the increased importance of supportive or palliative care in advanced chronic kidney disease, increasing live kidney donation in transplants, and emerging discoveries in stem cell and kidney regeneration, this revised edition prepares you for any clinical challenge you may encounter.

Key Topics Covered:

1. Embryology of the Kidney

2. Anatomy of the Kidney

3. The Renal Circulations and Glomerular Ultrafiltration

4. Glomerular Cell Biology

5. Metabolic Basis of Solute Transport

6. Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

7. The Regulation of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Excretion by the Kidney

8. Renal Handling of Organic Solutes

9. Renal Acidification Mechanisms

10. Urine Concentration and Dilution and The Cell Biology of Vasopressin Action

11. Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney

12. Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptors: Renal and Extrarenal Roles

13. Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and the Kidney

14. Disorders of Sodium Balance

15. Disorders of Water Balance

16. Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

17. Disorders of Potassium Balance

18. Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance

19. Epidemiology of Kidney Disease

20. Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease

21. Developmental Programming of Blood Pressure and Renal Function

22. Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Aging Kidney

23. Clinical Approach and Laboratory Assessment of the patient with kidney disease

24. Interpretation of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Parameters in Blood and Urine

25. Diagnostic Kidney Imaging

26. The Kidney Biopsy

27. Biomarkers in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases

28. Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury

29. Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

30. Pathophysiology of Proteinuria

31. Primary Glomerular Disease

32. Secondary Glomerular Disease

33. Overview of Therapy for Glomerular Disease

34. Thrombotic Microangiopathy and Microvascular Disease

35. Tubulointerstitial Diseases

36. Urinary Tract Infection in Adults

37. Urinary Tract Obstruction

38. Urinary Stone Disease

39. Diabetic Nephropathy

40. Cardiorenal Syndromes

41. Kidney Cancer

42. Onco-Nephrology: Kidney Disease in Patients with Cancer

43. Inherited Disorders of the Glomerulus

44. Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule

45. Cystic Diseases of the Kidney

46. Primary and Secondary Hypertension

47. Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

48. Pregnancy and Kidney Disease

49. Antihypertensive Therapy

50. Diuretics

51. Mechanisms of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease

52. The Pathophysiology of Uremia

53. Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder

54. Cardiovascular Aspects of Kidney Disease

55. Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease

56. Endocrine Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease

57. Neurologic Aspects of Kidney Disease

58. Dermatologic Conditions in Kidney Disease

59. Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease

60. Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases

61. Drug Dosing Considerations in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease

62. Supportive Care in Advanced Kidney Disease

63. Hemodialysis

64. Peritoneal Dialysis

65. Critical Care Nephrology

66. Plasmapheresis

67. Elimination Enhancement of Poisons

68. Interventional Nephrology

69. Transplantation Immunobiology

70. Clinical Management of the Adult Kidney Transplant Recipient

71. Considerations in Live Kidney Donation

72. Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children

73. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Children

74. Renal Replacement Therapy (Dialysis and Transplantation) in Pediatric End-Stage Kidney Disease

75. Global Challenges and Initiatives in Kidney Health

76. Latin America

77. Africa

78. Near and Middle East

79. Indian Subcontinent

80. Far East

81. Oceania Region

82. Ethical Dilemmas Facing Nephrology: Past, Present, and Future

83. Health Disparities in Nephrology

84. Care of the Older Adult with Chronic Kidney Disease

85. Stem Cells, Kidney Regeneration, Gene and Cell Therapy in Nephrology

Authors

Yu, Alan S. L. Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine, Director, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and the Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.

Chertow, Glenn M. Norman S. Coplon/ Satellite Healthcare, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Palo Alto, California, USA.

Luyckx, Valerie Affiliate Lecturer, Renal Division, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Institute of Biomedical Ethics and the History of Medicine

University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Marsden, Philip A. Professor of Medicine, Elisabeth Hofmann Chair in Translational Research, Oreopoulos-Baxter Division Director of Nephrology; Vice Chair Research, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Skorecki, Karl Annie Chutick Professor and Chair in Medicine (Nephrology), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Director of Medical and Research Development, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.

Taal, Maarten W. Professor of Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, University of Nottingham; Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom.

For more information about this book visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/klnzw8

View source version on businesswire.com:https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20191206005135/en/

CONTACT: ResearchAndMarkets.com

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Brenner and Rector's The Kidney, 2-Volume Set. Edition No. 11 - ResearchAndMarkets.com - Associated Press

Stem Cells Market to a Revenue Opportunity of US$270.5 bn During the Period from 2025 – News Description

In theglobal stem cells marketa sizeable proportion of companies are trying to garner investments from organizations based overseas. This is one of the strategies leveraged by them to grow their market share. Further, they are also forging partnerships with pharmaceutical organizations to up revenues.

In addition, companies in the global stem cells market are pouring money into expansion through multidisciplinary and multi-sector collaboration for large scale production of high quality pluripotent and differentiated cells. The market, at present, is characterized by a diverse product portfolio, which is expected to up competition, and eventually growth in the market.

Some of the key players operating in the global stem cells market areSTEMCELL Technologies Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Cellular Engineering Technologies Inc., BioTime Inc., Takara Bio Inc., U.S. Stem Cell, Inc., BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc., Cytori Therapeutics, Inc., Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., and Caladrius Biosciences, Inc.

As per a report by Transparency Market Research, the global market for stem cells is expected to register a healthy CAGR of 13.8% during the period from 2017 to 2025 to become worth US$270.5 bn by 2025.

Request Sample of Stem Cells Market Report

https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=S&rep_id=132

Depending upon the type of products, the global stem cell market can be divided into adult stem cells, human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, etc. Of them, the segment of adult stem cells accounts for a leading share in the market. This is because of their ability to generate trillions of specialized cells which may lower the risks of rejection and repair tissue damage.

Depending upon geography, the key segments of the global stem cells market are North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and the Middle East and Africa. At present, North America dominates the market because of the substantial investments in the field, impressive economic growth, rising instances of target chronic diseases, and technological progress. As per the TMR report, the market in North America will likely retain its dominant share in the near future to become worth US$167.33 bn by 2025.

Investments in Research Drives Market

Constant thrust on research to broaden the utility scope of associated products is at the forefront of driving growth in the global stem cells market. Such research projects have generated various possibilities of different clinical applications of these cells, to usher in new treatments for diseases.

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Since cellular therapies are considered the next major step in transforming healthcare, companies are expanding their cellular therapy portfolio to include a range of ailments such as Parkinsons disease, type 1 diabetes, spinal cord injury, Alzheimers disease, etc.

The growing prevalence of chronic diseases and increasing investments of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies in stem cell research are the key driving factors for the stem cells therapeutics market. The growing number of stem cell donors, improved stem cell banking facilities, and increasing research and development are other crucial factors serving to propel the market, explains the lead analyst of the report.

About Us

Transparency Market Research is a next-generation market intelligence provider, offering fact-based solutions to business leaders, consultants, and strategy professionals.

Our reports are single-point solutions for businesses to grow, evolve, and mature. Our real-time data collection methods along with ability to track more than one million high growth niche products are aligned with your aims. The detailed and proprietary statistical models used by our analysts offer insights for making right decision in the shortest span of time. For organizations that require specific but comprehensive information we offer customized solutions through adhoc reports. These requests are delivered with the perfect combination of right sense of fact-oriented problem solving methodologies and leveraging existing data repositories.

TMR believes that unison of solutions for clients-specific problems with right methodology of research is the key to help enterprises reach right decision.

ContactTransparency Market ResearchState Tower,90 State Street,Suite 700,Albany NY 12207United StatesTel:+1-518-618-1030USA Canada Toll Free:866-552-3453Email:[emailprotected]Website:http://www.transparencymarketresearch.comResearch Blog:https://theglobalhealthnews.com/

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Stem Cells Market to a Revenue Opportunity of US$270.5 bn During the Period from 2025 - News Description

Stem cell Therapy Market 2019-2027| Business Scope and Investment Analysis By MEDIPOST, PHARMICELL Co., Ltd, Holostem Terapie Avanzate Srl, Mesoblast…

Global Stem cell therapy Market report offers meticulous investigation of current scenario of the global market, which considers numerous market dynamics. This market report identifies and analyses the emerging trends along with key drivers, challenges and opportunities in the industry. Stem cell therapy market report comprises of historic data, present market trends, market environment, technological innovation, upcoming technologies and the technical progress in the related industry. The data and information about Stem cell therapy industry are taken from reliable sources such as websites, annual reports of the companies, and journals, and then validated by the market experts. The Stem cell therapy report covers major manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, traders, customers, investors and major types, major applications.

The finest market research report is the one which is pertinent, unique, and creditable that employs proven tools and techniques to turn complex market insights into simpler version. Being the most suitable example of the above attributes, this Stem cell therapy report has been prepared by keeping in mind every market related aspect. Stem cell therapy market is supposed to grow during the forecast period due to growing demand at the end user level. According to this market report, new highs will take place in the market in 2019-2026. A market research carried out in this report assists in improving and enhancing the products so that future products offer more fulfilment to your valuable customers.

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MARKET INTRODUCTION

Stem cell therapy is a technique which uses stem cells for the treatment of various disorders. Stem cell therapy is capable of curing broad spectrum of disorders ranging from simple to life threatening. These stem cells are obtained from different sources, such as, adipose tissue, bone marrow, embryonic stem cell and cord blood among others. Stem cell therapy is enables to treat more than 70 disorders, including degenerative as well as neuromuscular disorders. The ability of a stem cell to renew itself helps in replacing the damaged areas in the human body.

Key Competitors In Stem Cell Therapy Market areMEDIPOST, PHARMICELL Co., Ltd, Holostem Terapie Avanzate S.r.l., Mesoblast Ltd, U.S. Stem Cell, Inc., BIOTIME, INC., Lonza, Caladrius, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, KOLON TISSUEGENE INC.

Market Segmentation:

By Type (Adult Stem Cell Therapy, Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy, Other Stem Cell Therapy);

By Treatment (Allogeneic, Autologous); Application (Muscoskeletal, Dermatology, Cardiology, Drug Discovery and Development, Other Applications)

By Geography North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South & Central America. And 13 countries globally along with current trend and opportunities prevailing in the region.

Overview of the report

The study provides an in-depth analysis of the global market and current & future trends to elucidate imminent investment pockets.

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Information about key drivers, restraints, opportunities, and their impact analysis on the market size has been provided.

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The Insight Partnersis a one stop industry research provider of actionable intelligence. We help our clients in getting solutions to their research requirements through our syndicated and consulting research services. We are committed to provide highest quality research and consulting services to our customers. We help our clients understand the key market trends, identify opportunities, and make informed decisions with our market research offerings at an affordable cost.

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Stem cell Therapy Market 2019-2027| Business Scope and Investment Analysis By MEDIPOST, PHARMICELL Co., Ltd, Holostem Terapie Avanzate Srl, Mesoblast...

Cutting Through the Headlines: Are Scientists Really Growing Sentient "Mini-brains"? – Technology Networks

Neuroscience 2019, the worlds biggest conference of brain science, finished just over a month ago. In the wake of some particularly inflammatory headlines, we take a closer look at whether claims that new model systems for studying the brain could produce sentience in a jar have any truth to them.

It must be a matter of some regret to researchers that, when they were first created a few years ago, the temptation to call the three-dimensional balls of neural tissue mini-brains proved too strong to resist.

At the Society for Neurosciences 2019 conference, the catchy, headline magnet term mini-brain had very much been taken out of the lexicon. In a press conference that we attended, the gathered scientific panel had obviously been encouraged to stick to a new term: brain organoid. More abstract than mini-brain, and certainly less likely to feature on a tabloid front cover.

As a session introducing the latest advances in organoid research drew to a close, the rebrand appeared to have worked. There had been no questions about Futurama-style talking heads in jars, or questions of existential cellular dread. So far. But by the end of the session, a dispute rose which highlighted some real doubts among researchers in the field, indicating that the topic of consciousness, let alone consciousness in a jar, was far from settled. But before we get to that, lets take a look at the science behind brain organoids.

The previous days plenary had gone very smoothly. A truly excellent talk by Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI)s Paola Arlotta had shown the care and detail that had gone into organoid science.

Arlotta began her talk by outlining why researchers might consider making three-dimensional neuro-balls (my submission for what brain organoids should really be called) in the first place. Studying the brain is really hard. Its complexity is unrivaled by any other organ in the body and humans tend to object if you try and remove their brain to get a closer look.

As such, biomedical researchers have mainly focused on one of two approaches when attempting to model the incredible intricacy of the brain:

Clearly, neither route is perfect, and teams like Arlottas have been seeking a new model that could potentially take the best of both worlds and put them in one system. Brain organoids were meant to be that model. A lot of work has gone into enabling the creation of such a system, including huge steps in our tools for studying brain development. This requires handling data from more than just one cell type, as Arlotta explained in her lecture:

There are no individual subtypes that develop in isolation. They all develop together and it's really an orchestrated dance of many different cell types being generated. This is the complexity that we have always wanted to provide all at once. All cells, all genes, all stages, except we have never had the technology and methodology that would allow us to do that.

Forget a "brain in a jar". This image shows what pea-size brain organoids at 10 months old actually look like, grown in the Muotri lab at UCSD. Credit: Muotri Lab/UCTV

This changed a few years ago, when we invented amazing single-cell level genomics approaches that now allow us to sequence thousands, to hundreds of thousands, to millions of cells from any tissue any stage of any organism. Arlotta continues. This innovation, alongside computational methods, has permitted researchers to take a widescreen view of brain development.

For Arlottas team, capturing this global picture meant a lot of meticulous work: Basically, we set off to purify and refine, at a single cell level, every single cell of the developing somatosensory cortex, which we sampled every day in the mouse until about P1 [postnatal day 1] when the majority of the cells had been generated. The result: beautiful, detailed plots of the gene expression underlining the development of this region of the mouse brain.

With this information, a blueprint for how a brain organoid should develop, Arlottas team could then go on to create organoids.

The simplicity of this process is something that made even Arlotta do a double take at first. I was skeptical for many years, but then Yoshiki Sasai published what I think is a seminal experiment. Basically, what was shown is that if you take a 3D cluster of embryonic stem cells and you culture them in a dish, without adding much from the outside, these cells have the ability to self-organize and undergo self-morphogenesis to give rise to an optic-cup like structure. This cup has retinal and other cells of the mature eye, responds to light, and even forms morphological layers like an eye does. Sasais work, alongside that of Madeline Lancaster, formed the blueprint for future organoid work. It was published just seven years ago. This is a field advancing at a breakneck speed.

As such, its a field of great interest to the press and general public. To answer questions on her research, Arlotta joined UCSFs Arnold Kriegstein and Michael Nestor from the Hussman Institute for Autism for the next days panel discussion.

The main points from the panel were as follows:

The latter point, addressed by Kriegstein, seems pivotal to the future of this field. He presented results from single-cell RNA-seq (a technique that analyzes genetic material in base-by-base detail) scans of organoids and human brain tissue. The cell types are broadly similar to the ones you find in normally developing tissue, but the problem is that our genetic analysis is showing that they lack specificity, as though their identify is a bit confused, explained Kriegstein.

Images of brain tissue contrasted with organoids clearly show the reduced complexity of the model brains, with fewer cell types and a different developmental timeline. Kriegstein showed that the organoid cells are under a type of cellular stress that seems to limit their ability to mimic normal cells (although when the cells were transplanted into a mouse brain, creating a human-mouse chimera, the stress seemed to reduce). This is both an issue for the organoids potential as a model for brain disease, and for any claims that they might in any way become sentient in any human way.

Arlottas data had suggested that organoids were able to be kept in bioreactors, alive for up to four years. Could the simplified organoids simply not be old enough yet? This is not an adult brain that you make. Its not even a complete younger brain, its very primitive and reductive. There is a limit to what you can do in culture; they only grow to a certain size and they only make certain cells, said Arlotta.

This is a cross-section of a brain organoid, showing the initial formation of a cortical plate. Each color marks a different type of brain cell. Credit:Muotri Lab/UCTV

This point didnt come from a member of the press, but from another researcher. This was Elan Ohayon, co-founder of the San Diego-based Green Neuroscience Laboratory (GNL), who had been quoted in The Guardian in the days before SfN, singing from a very different hymnsheet from the panel. In that article, Ohayon had said, "If there's even a possibility of the organoid being sentient, we could be crossing that line. We don't want people doing research where there is potential for something to suffer." The GNL is also opposed to any captive animal experimentation. In the press event Ohayon professed at length, to a stony-faced response from the panel, why he believed they were underestimating the risk of an ethically dubious outcome from their research.

Ohayon finished by asking whether the researchers felt that the field should be put on hold until more was known about consciousness in the organoids. Nestor, in response, highlighted the lack of cytoarchitecture present to support the conditions needed for sentience, but he was cut off by a sharp retort from Ohayon. Thats incorrect. Actually thats my specialty, he began, before a stressed SfN staffer attempted to get him to sit down. Moving away from the microphone, Ohayon concluded, Its great that you are moving towards human-based research, the real concern is also this move towards chimera without thinking about sentience. You are underestimating where you are going, and its going to get there fast.

To say the least, Ohayons views seem quite at odds with that of the panel (the Green Neuroscience Laboratory did not immediately respond to request for comment for this interview). But, as with much in science, there is perhaps a truth to be found in between these two divergent positions.

Talking later to UC San Diego Professor Alysson Muotri, who has used brain organoids in his lab for years, we began to find evidence of where that midpoint might stand. He explains that he led a panel discussion on ethics in brain organoids, which you can watch below. The panel consisted of experts in both neuroscience and philosophy. Disagreements began with the basic definition of what consciousness is. Christof Koch, Chief Scientist and President of the Allen Brain Institute suggests that the cortex alone could be sufficient for consciousness, whilst Patricia Churchland, and Emerita Professor at UC San Diego suggested that other regions, like a brain stem or thalamus would be required. Other panel members, Muotri told me, argued that: You need a body, a brain connected to a body, otherwise there will be no consciousness coming from the tissue. How can we have a debate about creating a conscious being in a jar, if we dont really know what consciousness is in the first place?

What Muotri does suggest, in place of a halt to research, is a better effort to conduct studies in a more ethical way, similar to how scientists aim to conduct animal research. We don't treat animals badly just because they're for research. We try to give them a good lifestyle. So for the organoids it might be exactly the same thing. We just have to agree on how we should do it. I mean, what are the conditions that we need to keep them alive? How do we discard them? How many of them we should use to answer specific scientific questions? So these are the kinds of debate that we can start right now. But I just think it would be unfair to stop science.

So the potential of organoids, or brains-in-a-dish, or mini-brains, or whatever you want to call them, may be undeniable, but so is the potential of science to go faster than it intends. What scary headlines dont reflect is that scientists are well aware of both these things.

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Cutting Through the Headlines: Are Scientists Really Growing Sentient "Mini-brains"? - Technology Networks

Whats Happening: IDF Shabbat of Heroes, Sephardic Papers – Jewish Journal

FRI DEC 6

Zamru Friday NightShomrei Torah Synagogue holds Zamru Friday Night, a unique, musically rich kabbalat Shabbat service and dinner. Cantor Jackie Rafii and guitarist Daniel Raijman headline the event, Music to Move Your Soul. Guests bring their own kosher wine. 6-9 p.m. Dinner for members: $20 adults, $12 children 12 and under. General: $30 adults, $15 children. Shomrei Torah Synagogue, 7353 Valley Circle Blvd., West Hills. (818) 854-7650.

Middle East DiscussionGiven decades of conflict between the same rivals, punctuated by intermittent treaties, the Middle East is arguably the politically messiest region on earth. Jordan Reimer, policy analyst at the RAND Corp., helps to unpack the conflicts. A scholar who served under two White House administrations and the New York City Police Department, Reimer explains effects of the constant conflicts in the Middle East on Israel and the United States. 6:15 p.m. service. 7:30-9 p.m. lecture. Temple Isaiah, 10345 W. Pico Blvd. (310) 277-2772.

IKAR FeastIt is the first Friday of the month again, which means its time for IKARs monthly TRIBE Feast, a schmooze and groove at food-filled tables with Jewish and Jew-adjacent 20- and 30-somethings. RSVP requested so sufficient food is prepared. 6:30 p.m. Shabbat service. 7:45 p.m. TRIBE Feast. IKARs Event Space, 1729 S. La Cienega Blvd. (323) 634-1870.

Shabbat for WomenLev Eisha, a community of and for joyous Jewish women, celebrates a Shabbat infused with music and enlightened by teachings by Rabbi Toba August. She and cantorial soloist Cindy Paley lead Shabbat services. Everybody is welcome. 8:15 a.m. teaching. 9:30 a.m. service. Beth Shir Shalom, 1827 California Ave., Santa Monica. (310) 575-0985.

Max & Willys Last LaughWhen German comedian Max Ehrlich and his best friend, composer Willy Rosen, were caught in Holland in 1942 and sent to a concentration camp, the commandant recognized Ehrlich. He made an irresistible offer: Every Monday night before the train leaves for Auschwitz, Max and Willy will perform a cabaret. If they are funny, they will perform it the following week. If not, they will be put on the train. The performers carried on for 18 months before finally being sent to Auschwitz. Tonight and Sunday afternoon, Temple Emanuel of Beverly Hills presents a staged reading with live music of Max and Willys Last Laugh. Proceeds benefit Temple Emanuel of Beverly Hills. 8 p.m. tonight, 5 p.m. Sunday. $100 reserved seats, $36 general admission, $18 students. James Bridges Theater at UCLA, 235 Charles E. Young Drive East. (310) 825-6792.

Beth Am Film NightAfter Shabbat ends, Temple Beth Am resumes its film series with Laces, the story of a special needs sons complex relationship with the aging father who abandoned him when he was a child. Film buff Michael Berlin leads a post-film discussion. Snacks served. 7 p.m. $12. Temple Beth Am, 1039 S. La Cienega Blvd. (310) 652-7353.

Shulem Lemmer

Our IDF HeroesAfter a Shabbat of Heroes at Pico-Robertson synagogues Adas Torah, Beth Jacob, Bnai David-Judea and Young Israel of Century City, a meet and greet with heroes of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) takes place at The Mark. Ezer Mizion, the worlds largest Jewish bone marrow registry, organizes this gathering, highlighting how as of August, 2,000 IDF soldiers have donated their stem cells to 2,000 patients around the world. The evening features musician Shulem Lemmer performing during Havdalah and former Israeli Chief Rabbi Yisrael Meir Lau bringing greetings from the Jewish state. Israeli wines and food served. Adults only. RSVP required. 7:30 p.m. The Mark, W. 9320 Pico Blvd. (310) 247-2266.

Sarah Abrevaya Stein

Family Papers: A Sephardic JourneyFor centuries from the Greek port city of Salonica, the large Levy family of editors and publishers reported how the ever-changing state of modernity affected Sephardic Jews across the Ottoman Empire, including how 20th-century wars altered the borders around them. Historian Sarah Abrevaya Stein shares the true story of a frayed family that has been preserved through their letters. She discusses her award-winning book, Family Papers: A Sephardic Journey Through the Twentieth Century, with race and gender scholar Brenda E. Stevenson. 2 p.m. Free. Skirball Cultural Center, 2701 N. Sepulveda Blvd. (310) 440-4500.

Community Service DayAttention all people who seek to make a difference immediately: The Jewish Federation of Greater Los Angeles Community Service Day lasts all day and is a partnership between Federation and social service organizations working to make life better for their neighbors. Free. Prior registration required. For more information, email volunteer@jewishla.org.

The Golden Gelt RoomJoin the Congregation Kol Ami community in The Golden Gelt Room, for an afternoon of comedy, casino games and pre-Hanukkah celebration. Comedian Liz Glazer performs. Mingle, nosh, drink, play and laugh with Kol Amis inclusive community. 4-6:30 p.m. $100. Congregation Kol Ami, 1200 N. La Brea Ave., West Hollywood. (323) 606-0996..

Hanukkah Angels Gift-Wrapping EventThere still is time to become a Hanukkah Angel in Kehillat Maaravs community mitzvah program. Purchase a gift of any amount for one of 10 Chai Lifeline children with life-threatening illnesses, then bring it to the synagogue starting at 9 a.m. and join the synagogues religious school students in gift-wrapping from 11:30 a.m.-12:30 p.m. Latkes and sufganiyot served. To learn about each childs wish list or to become a Hanukkah Angel, contact Rose or Sharone Weizman at eddirector@km-synagogue.org. 1715 21st St., Santa Monica. (310) 829-0566.

Jewish ID Hanukkah PartyEven though Hanukkah doesnt start for two weeks, Jewish Big Brothers Big Sisters of Los Angeles (JBBBSLA) starts early. Bring the children to Stephen Wise Temple for a huge Hanukkah celebration co-organized by JBBBSLA and Kibbutz Bob Waldorf. Ideal for all ages. Candlemaking, Israeli dancing, dreidel games and camp activities highlight the event. If the $5 per person charge is too expensive (children 3-and-under are admitted free), contact Sofia Varona at (323) 456-1162 or sofia@campbobwaldorf.org. 4 p.m. $5. Stephen Wise Temple, 15500 Stephen S. Wise Drive.

BYTHAX Gospel Choir

Hanukkah and Christmas ConcertWilshire Boulevard Temple stages a performance of peace, love and harmony. The congregations Let There Be Light concert of Hanukkah and Christmas melodies, co-organized by the Faithful Central Bible Church, features performers Dr. Dee, the BYTHAX Gospel Choir, Cantor Don Gurney and the Wilshire Boulevard Temple Adult Choir. Sufganiyot and holiday cookies are served after the concert. 4 p.m. Free. RSVP required. Wilshire Boulevard Temple, 3663 Wilshire Blvd. (213) 388-2401.

Lets Talk About ReligionIn the latest round of American Jewish Universitys (AJU) discussion series Lets Talk About Religion: Jews, Christians and Muslims in Conversation, a Jew and a Muslim examine rival and converging views on Is Life Sacred? Tonights topics are medical ethics, abortion and end-of-life issues, with Rabbi Elliot Dorff, rector and professor in philosophy at AJU, in discussion with Dr. Sana Khan, chairman and founder of theAiM Radiology Medical Group. 7:30-9 p.m. $10. American Jewish University, Alan Shapiro Memorial Synagogue, 15600 Mulholland Drive. (310) 440-1572.

The Holocaust and the Danish ExceptionThe Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust holds a book signing and artists reception with acclaimed photographer Judy Glickman Lauder. Her photos are on exhibit in Beyond the Shadows: The Holocaust and the Danish Exception. Lauder, a Bay Area native, has been photographing Holocaust sites since the 1980s. She talks about her experiences. 7-8:30 p.m. $10 suggested donation. Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust in Pan Pacific Park, 100 The Grove Drive. (323) 651-3704.

Have an event coming up? Send your information two weeks prior to the event to ryant@jewishjournal.com for consideration. For groups staging an event that requires an RSVP, please submit details about the event the week before the RSVP deadline.

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Whats Happening: IDF Shabbat of Heroes, Sephardic Papers - Jewish Journal

Global Stem Cells Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 – Breaking News Updates

The Global Stem Cells Market report study includes an elaborative summary of the Stem Cells market that provides in-depth knowledge of various different segmentations. Stem Cells Market Research Report presents a detailed analysis based on the thorough research of the overall market, particularly on questions that border on the market size, growth scenario, potential opportunities, operation landscape, trend analysis, and competitive analysis of Stem Cells Market. The information includes the company profile, annual turnover, the types of products and services they provide, income generation, which provide direction to businesses to take important steps. Stem Cells delivers pin point analysis of varying competition dynamics and keeps ahead of Stem Cells competitors such as CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotech.

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The main objective of the Stem Cells report is to guide the user to understand the Stem Cells market in terms of its definition, classification, Stem Cells market potential, latest trends, and the challenges that the Stem Cells market is facing. In-depth researches and Stem Cells studies were done while preparing the Stem Cells report. The Stem Cells readers will find this report very beneficial in understanding the Stem Cells market in detailed. The aspects and information are represented in the Stem Cells report using figures, bar-graphs, pie diagrams, and other visual representations. This intensifies the Stem Cells pictorial representation and also helps in getting the Stem Cells industry facts much better.

.This research report consists of the worlds crucial region market share, size (volume), trends including the product profit, price, Value, production, capacity, capability utilization, supply, and demand and industry growth rate.

Geographically this report covers all the major manufacturers from India, China, the USA, the UK, and Japan. The present, past and forecast overview of the Stem Cells market is represented in this report.

The Study is segmented by following Product Type, Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem Cell, Other

Major applications/end-users industry are as follows Diseases Therapy, Healthcare

Stem Cells Market Report Highlights:

1)The report provides a detailed analysis of current and future market trends to identify the investment opportunities2) In-depth company profiles of key players and upcoming prominent players3) Global Stem Cells Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)4) Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations5) To get the research methodologies those are being collected by Stem Cells driving individual organizations.

Research Parameter/ Research Methodology

Primary Research:

The primary sources involve the industry experts from the Global Stem Cells industry including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industrys value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine future prospects.

In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources industry experts such as CEOs, vice presidents, marketing director, technology & innovation directors, founders and related key executives from various key companies and organizations in the Global Stem Cells in the industry have been interviewed to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study.

Secondary Research:

In Secondary research crucial information about the industry value chain, the total pool of key players, and application areas. It also assisted in market segmentation according to industry trends to the bottom-most level, geographical markets and key developments from both market and technology oriented perspectives.

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Global Stem Cells Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2025 - Breaking News Updates

Marine Coatings Market is Anticipated to Register a Value of XX Million by the end of 2017 – 2025 – Markets Gazette 24

Detailed Study on the Marine Coatings Market

The latest report published by Transparency Market Research on the global Marine Coatings market reveals that the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of ~XX% during the forecast period (2019-2029) and reach a value of ~US$ XX by the end of 2019. Further, by leveraging the data in the report, investors, established players, emerging market players, and stakeholders can develop effective business strategies to cement their position in the global Marine Coatings market.

The report ponders over the micro and macro-economic factors that are expected to shape the growth of the Marine Coatings market in the upcoming decade. The report includes a SWOT analysis of some prominent players in the Marine Coatings market wherein the business prospects of each player are discussed in detail.

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Vital Market Information Included in the Report:

The report resolves the following doubts related to the Marine Coatings market:

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Marine Coatings Market Bifurcation

The Marine Coatings market is bifurcated into different sections to provide a clear understanding of the various aspects of the market. The growth potential, market share, size, and prospects of each segment and sub-segment is depicted in the report.

segmentation study, geographical analysis, vendor landscape study, and other aspects that could prove to be significant for ensuring a strong growth in the global stem cells market.

Global Stem Cells Market: Trends and Opportunities

The world stem cells market is predicted to attain favorable growth prospects on the back of the positive impact caused by swelling investments from biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical companies for conducting stem cell research. Increasing incidence of chronic diseases could be another powerful factor augmenting the demand in the market. For the coming years, market growth is anticipated to be cemented with the rise of increasing research and development, high-quality stem cell banking facilities, and rising count of stem cell donors.

Amongst all major types, adult stem cells are projected to secure a high demand in the near future as they could multiply into scores of specialized cells capable of repairing tissue damage and lowering the risks of rejection. Budding segments such as induced pluripotent stem cells could also offer rewarding prospects in the market with the help of their unique traits and advantages.

Global Stem Cells Market: Geographical Analysis

The international stem cells market is foreseen to testify the dominance of North America which has always been at the forefront of the adoption of latest technologies. Besides its impressive technological progress, the region could improve its growth while riding on the increasing prevalence of target chronic disorders, high economic growth, and massive investments in the industry. As a result, the regional market is forecast to showcase a colossal growth in the coming years.

Treading on the heels of North America, Europe could also provide lucrative growth opportunities in the international stem cells market due to factors such as medical tourism. An increasing number of U.S. and Canada patients have been witnessed to travel to Europe for taking treatments made available at economical costs. Asia Pacific is envisioned to exhibit a relatively slower growth in the market due to various reasons.

Global Stem Cells Market: Companies Mentioned

With a view to expand their presence as well as their portfolios when operating in the worldwide stem cells market, players are foretold to work out strategic partnerships and collaborations with pharmaceutical firms. Moreover, they could look to raise funds with the help of overseas organizations to introduce new stem cell-based therapies in the market. Some of the leading companies in the market could be Cellular Engineering Technologies Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., and STEMCELL Technologies Inc.

Global Stem Cells Market by Product

Global Stem Cells Market by Source

Global Stem Cells Market by Application

Global Stem Cells Market by End User

Global Stem Cells Market by Geography

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Marine Coatings Market is Anticipated to Register a Value of XX Million by the end of 2017 - 2025 - Markets Gazette 24

Stem Cell Market 2019 | What Will Be the Market Size and the Growth Rate Analysis by 2026? – Hitz Dairies

The global Stem Cell Market report by wide-ranging study of the Stem Cell industry which covers comprehensively all aspects of the different industry verticals. This includes its past performance analysis, latest market performance estimation for the current year based on the drivers, challenges and trend. Furthermore, the future projection for the forecast period is also covered within the global Stem Cell industry report. The Stem Cell market segmentation provides the customer a comprehensive overview of the overall Stem Cell industry, assisting them in making informed decisions through key insights into the Stem Cell market. The segmentation is done on the basis of product, region, and application.

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SummaryStem cells are a class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types. Commonly, stem cells come from two main sources: Embryos formed during the blastocyst phase of embryological development (embryonic stem cells) and Adult tissue (adult stem cells).The global Stem Cell market will reach Volume Million USD in 2019 and with a CAGR xx% between 2020-2026.

Product Type Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Major Company of Product Type etc.):Umbilical Cord Blood Stem CellEmbryonic Stem CellAdult Stem CellOthers

Demand Coverage (Market Size & Forecast, Consumer Distribution):Diseases TherapyHealthcare

Company Coverage (Sales data, Main Products & Services etc.):CCBCVcanbioBoyalifeBeikebiotech

Major Region MarketNorth AmericaEuropeAsia-PacificSouth AmericaMiddle East & Africa

Each company covered in the Stem Cell market report includes a detailed company profile as well as their latest updates such as new product development, expansions, and acquisitions and mergers. The performance of each player in all Stem Cell industry verticals is covered in the report.

Some of the key information covered in the Stem Cell market report includes the market size, share for the segments, and the revenue generation in the market that includes the cost and profit statistics. This overall market outlook is the mainstay of the global Stem Cell market report. The report does not shy away from going the extra mile for the customers by providing them with all the latest developments in the Stem Cell market such as the news, updates, latest surveys conducted, as well as the substantial amount of statistics in tabular and graphical formats.

The report concludes with a detailed SWOT analysis to sum up the information covered in the global Stem Cell market report, making it easier for the customers to plan their activities accordingly and experience great success in their endeavors. For more information on the Stem Cell report, get in touch with arcognizance.

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Major Point of TOC:

Chapter One: Industry Overview 1.1 Stem Cell Industry1.1.1 Overview1.1.2 Products of Major Companies1.2 Market Segment1.2.1 Industry Chain1.2.2 Consumer Distribution1.3 Price & Cost Overview

Chapter Two: Stem Cell Market by Type 2.1 By Type2.1.1 Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell2.1.2 Embryonic Stem Cell2.1.3 Adult Stem Cell2.1.4 Others2.2 Market Size by Type2.3 Market Forecast by Type

Chapter Three: Global Market Demand 3.1 Segment Overview3.1.1 Diseases Therapy3.1.2 Healthcare3.2 Market Size by Demand3.3 Market Forecast by Demand

Chapter Four: Major Region Market 4.1 Global Market Overview4.1.1 Market Size & Growth4.1.2 Market Forecast4.2 Major Region4.2.1 Market Size & Growth4.2.2 Market Forecast

Chapter Five: Major Companies List 5.1 CCBC (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)5.2 Vcanbio (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)5.3 Boyalife (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)5.4 Beikebiotech (Company Profile, Sales Data etc.)

Chapter Six: Conclusion

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Stem Cell Market 2019 | What Will Be the Market Size and the Growth Rate Analysis by 2026? - Hitz Dairies