God of miniscule things – Pune Mirror

Chug some fine brews as you soak up the science behind gene editingStem cells, which have the unique ability to morph into different types of cells, fascinate Dr Deepa Subramanyam, a researcher at the National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS) in the city. She has been studying stem cells for well over a decade, and has given talks on the subject. I have always been fascinated by how a handful of embryonic stem cells can create a perfectly patterned organism, says Subramanyam.

This weekend, Subramanyam has been invited as Science on Taps guest speaker. The scientists presentation is titled Godplayer stem cells, gene editing and playing god! Science on Tap was started as a talk series to connect the public with some of the countrys finest scientists in an informal setting. Anybody is welcome to attend the event regardless of their age and background. I avoid using scientific jargon to make my presentation accessible to the general public, she adds.

Subramanyam says that research on stem cells began about 30 years ago. She is certain that stem-cell therapy can treat most human ailments, such as diabetes and heart disease, in the near future. According to Subramanyam, trials are underway to determine the effectiveness of stem-cell therapy. She, however, cautions: I would say that one has to be careful about stem-cell therapy at the moment you should not undertake it without proper approval.

Subramanyam enjoys interacting with the public. In the past, she has addressed an audience comprising children, as part of an outreach programme. The talk was on stem cells. The scientist is always surprised by the intelligent questions that children ask her. Youngsters can come up with some of the most difficult questions, as they have access to a lot of information, says Subramanyam, who confesses that at times she has wondered how she should proceed to answer them.

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God of miniscule things - Pune Mirror

New study shows insight into how cells maintain their identity – Drug Target Review

A new study shows the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms control the activity of genes and may have an impact on the future treatment of certain cancers.

In a new study, researchers from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, US have discovered which proteins are necessary to maintain the proper genetic regulation of the bodys cells. The results of their study provide insight into the ways in which epigenetic mechanisms control the activity of genes and could improve stem cell therapies.

In addition, the results may have an impact on the future treatment of certain cancers related to the studied protein complex, including lymphoma, leukaemia and a special type of brain cancer that is often seen in children, said Kristian Helin, Professor at BRIC and Director of Research at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.

The research group has worked to understand the mechanisms that control whether a gene is active or inactive for several years. This is crucial to understanding how cells become specialised and maintain their identity, the normal embryonic development, and how various diseases may develop.

In the recent study, the research group looked the importance of six different proteins associated to PRC2 (one of the key protein complexes that regulates whether genes are turned on or off) and the group has shown that all six proteins help direct PRC2 to the right places in the genome.

The protein complex PRC2 (left) is central to regulating genetic expression. Researchers tested several associated proteins (right) and found that all of them assisted PRC2 in binding at the correct sites. The associated protein PCL exists in three different forms, making the number of associated proteins a total of six (credit: Biotech Research & Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen).

In 15 different combinations, the researchers removed the associated proteins from embryonic stem cells one by one. This enabled them to study the contribution of each protein to the activity and binding of the PRC2 complex to specific areas.

It was found that the ability to find the way to the right places in the genome remained intact until all six associated proteins were removed from the stem cells.

We assumed that each of the associated proteins was responsible for its own area to where the PRC2 complex should be guided, said Jonas Hjfeldt the studys lead author. Instead, we saw that they all contributed to the places where the complex binds. As long as just one of the associated proteins were left, the ability remained intact.

The study was published in the scientific journal Molecular Cell.

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New study shows insight into how cells maintain their identity - Drug Target Review

Human Embryonic Stem Cells Market: Expansion Strategies Set to Generate Substantial Revenue in the near Future – Rapid News Network

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are derived from blastocyst and are capable of differentiating into number of cell types that make up the human body. hESCs can replicate indefinitely and produce non-regenerative tissues such as neural and myocardial cells. These abilities of human embryonic stems cells allow them to be used as a tool in regenerative medicine and research. Because of their capacity for self-renewal, they can be used in treating a number of blood and genetic disorders related to the immune system, cancers, and disorders. Human embryonic stem cells are also used in investigational studies of early human development, genetic diseases and toxicology testing.

The global human embryonic stem cells market is categorized on the basis of following applications: Toxicology testing Tissue engineering Regenerative medicines Stem cell biology research

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Currently, North America dominates the global human embryonic stem cells market and is followed by Europe due to high prevalence of cardiac and malignant diseases. Developing nations of Asia, Middle East and Latin America are also expected to show rapid growth in this market due to increasing medical tourism and the flourishing contract research outsourcing market in these regions.

The major factors driving the demand for human embryonic stem cells include extensive therapeutic research activities in this field, rapid growth in medical tourism, emerging stem cell banking services. Additionally, increase in incidences of cardiac and neurological disorders around the world owing to the stressful lifestyle and receipt of funds from various organizations will also propel the growth of this market.

Some of the key players contributing to the human embryonic stem cells market include Australian Stem Cell Centre, BD Biosciences, Cellartis AB, Millipore Corporation, Geron Corporation, Invitrogen Corporation, Viacyte, Inc., R&D Systems, Inc., SA Biosciences Corporation, Tataa Biocenter, Thermo Scientific and Vitrolife AB.

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This research report analyzes this market depending on its market segments, major geographies, and current market trends. Geographies analyzed under this research report include North America Asia Pacific Europe Rest of the World

This report provides comprehensive analysis of Market growth drivers Factors limiting market growth Current market trends Market structure Market projections for upcoming years

This report is a complete study of current trends in the market, industry growth drivers, and restraints. It provides market projections for the coming years. It includes analysis of recent developments in technology, Porters five force model analysis and detailed profiles of top industry players. The report also includes a review of micro and macro factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants along with detailed value chain analysis.

Reasons for Buying this Report This report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics It provides a forward looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth It provides a technological growth map over time to understand the industry growth rate It provides a seven-year forecast assessed on the basis of how the market is predicted to grow It helps in understanding the key product segments and their future It provides pin point analysis of changing competition dynamics and keeps you ahead of competitors It helps in making informed business decisions by having complete insights of market and by making in-depth analysis of market segments It provides distinctive graphics and exemplified SWOT analysis of major market segments

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Human Embryonic Stem Cells Market: Expansion Strategies Set to Generate Substantial Revenue in the near Future - Rapid News Network

Global Stem Cells Market 2019 Strategic Assessment by Top Players CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotech – News Coed

A new research report titled, Global Stem Cells Market 2019 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2024 have been added byMRInsights.bizto s huge collection of the research report with growing significantCAGRduring Forecast. The Stem Cells market is one of the most segmented and developing markets. The market is analyzed in terms of its size, status, forecast, trends, competitive scenario, and potential growth opportunities. The market has been growing at a considerable speed with increasing consumer preference. The report is a broad field for competitors including CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotech, .

The global Stem Cells market contains competent parameters and a detailed clarification of the extraordinary data along with the investigation of current and future trends that may impact the growth. The reports ultimate goal is to give a level headed viewpoint of the slow emerging forces of the market, anticipate the product areas of the worldwide market, and offer a granular outline of the downfall of the market. Further, a complete summary of the financial ups & downs in terms of demand rate and fulfillment ratios is provided. It includes the scope of the various commercial possibilities over the upcoming years from 2019 to 2024 and the positive revenue forecasts for the upcoming years.

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Key companies based on the market competition specifies in the global Stem Cells market are: CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotech,

Further, the market is segmented on the basis of geography. This segmentation looks at the changing nature of the economies within the geographies and its influence on the global Stem Cells market. Market segment by region/country including: North America (United States, Canada and Mexico), Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia and Italy), Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India and Southeast Asia), South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia etc.), Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

Market breakdown by application (2014-2018): Diseases Therapy, Healthcare

Market breakdown by type (2014-2018): Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem Cell, Other

Global Market: Competitive Rivalry:

The report then offers industry factors such as market trends, current economic situations, development perspectives, product portfolio, and pricing structures. Past, current and anticipated market situations are provided. The global and regional Stem Cells market supply chain analysis features important information about distributors, producers, and key end-users in the market. Then, company overview, product portfolio, financial performance, recent highlights, strategies are also covered.

Competitive Market Share:

The report provides an entire evaluation of the marketplace through qualitative and recorded insights and future projections. The projections included in the report was made employing established research assumptions and methodologies. The report is a storehouse of assessment and records comprising provincial markets, product type, application, end-users, and industry verticals.

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Study Gives Clues to the Origin of Huntington’s Disease, and a New Way to Find Drugs – Nature World News

Sep 18, 2019 03:04 AM EDT

The first signs of Huntington's, an inherited disease that slowly deteriorates bodies and minds, don't typically surface until middle age. But new findings suggest that something in the brain might be amiss long before symptoms arise, and earlier than has ever been observed. Using new technology, Rockefeller scientists were able to trace the causes of the disease back to early developmental stages when the brain has only just begun to form.

Developed in the lab of Ali Brivanlou, the Robert and Harriet Heilbrunn Professor, the system uses neuroloids--tiny, three-dimensional tissue cultures that serve as models for whole organs. The researchers create these cell clumps from human embryonic stem cells and manipulate them in the lab to study how developmental diseases arise.

Previous work in the Brivanlou lab found evidence that the disease arises in young neurons; but this latest study takes the developmental timeframe back even further, to the step in the brain's development when cellular uniformity gives way to the emergence of particular structures, a process called neurulation. When the researchers introduced into neuroloids a mutation known to cause Huntington's, it consistently caused dramatic effects with abnormally shaped tissue structures. "Something's collapsed," Brivanlou says.

The researchers have started using the technology to screen for drugs that prevent these abnormalities, an approach they hope will provide a powerful alternative to similar work being done in animal models.

"This technology really opens a door toward identifying the mechanisms that govern brain development, understanding how they go awry in disease, and testing drugs that set these mechanisms back on the right course," says Brivanlou.

2018 NatureWorldNews.com All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.

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Global Stem Cells Market 2019 Business Statistics Focus Report Growth by Top Key Players CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotec – The Industry News…

We, Market Research Store, after comprehensive analysis, have introduced a new research study on "Global (United States, China, and European Union) Stem Cells Market Research Report 2019-2025." A section of the report serves with in-depth information on Product Types [Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem Cell], Applications [Diseases Therapy, Healthcare] and Key Players [CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, Beikebiotech]

Another section of the report particularly focuses on delivering wide-ranging analytical information on regional segmentation, which includes North America, Asia-Pacific, Middle East & Africa, Europe, and Rest of the World. Apart from this, manufacturing protocols, costing, development plans & policies, current trends, dynamics, clear market terminologies, and classifications, are very well described in the report. The researchers team presents the analytical data and figures in the report in an effectual way with the help of graphs, diagrams, pie charts, and other pictorial illustrations.

If you are managing a Stem Cells manufacturing company and handling imports-exports then this published piece of article will surely assist you in understanding the sales volume with impacting trends.

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Important Points Mentioned In The Stem Cells Market Study

Manufacturing Analysis: The report comprises descriptive information after analyzing multiple segments of Stem Cells market, which include product type and applications, among others. The Stem Cells market report includes a separate chapter emphasizing thorough analysis of the manufacturing process authenticated via primary information gathered from key officials of reputed industries and several industry analysts.

Sales and Revenue Estimation: By implementing several top-down and bottom-up approaches on the historical sales & revenue data and the current market status, the researchers have forecasted the market growth and size in key regions. Moreover, the report includes a comprehensive study on classified and prominent types as well as end-use industry. The report even provides significant information related to regulatory policies and macroeconomic factors that determine Stem Cells industry evolution and predictive analysis.

Demand & Supply Assessment: Stem Cells report also offers important information on product & service distribution, manufacturing, Consumption, and Export & Import (EXIM) ** if applicable.

Competitiveness: The Stem Cells report provides key information based on the product portfolio, company profile, product & service cost, potential, and sales & revenue generated by the global and regional leading companies.

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SWOT Analysis of Leading Contenders: CCBC, Vcanbio, Boyalife, BeikebiotechMarket Growth by Types: Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cell, Embryonic Stem Cell, Adult Stem CellMarket Growth by Applications: Diseases Therapy, Healthcare

Introduction about Global (United States, China, and European Union) Stem Cells Market

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Orthopedic Biomaterials Product Market Set to Witness YoY Growth by 2018-2026 – NewsStoner

The future of biomaterials is no longer limited to as abstract lab bench idea. It has grown to deliver life changing results to the human being. Biomaterials are in generally aimed for implanting in or on human body, thus used in treatment or replacement of human tissues or organs. A successful implant depends upon the type of biomaterial while an ideal biomaterial functionalizes with bioactive proteins and chemicals, is non-immunogenic, biocompatible, and biodegradable. Synthetic as well as natural biomaterials are being used since decades. Use of natural biomaterials have been traced back in history as far as 3000 BC where Egyptians are considered to be the first users. Egyptians used ivory and wood in tooth damage replacement, and coconut shells in skull damage. There are three generations of biomaterials in bone regenerations, of which first generation biomaterials include metals and ceramic products. Second generation biomaterial comprises naturally-derived and synthetic biodegradable polymers, calcium phosphates, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and bioactive glasses. Regenerative biomaterials are third generation biomaterials that use bioactive and bioresorbable porous material as temporary 3-D structure that activate genes involved in stimulating regeneration of living tissue.

Regenerative medicine has emerged as a rapidly expanding field which has potential to serve organ shortage issues, organ replacement and regeneration. Regenerative medicine could also save money of public health bodies by reducing long term care of patients. Thus, regenerative biomaterial products are the current trend in the market. Rising awareness about stem cell therapy, technological advancements in the field, and a favorable government regulatory and reimbursement scenario are important factors fueling the market. Stem cell research has strengthened mainly by the support rendered by governments globally. The surge in federal funding has been observed after the bans were lifted from embryonic stem cells research in the U.S. in 2009. National Institute of Health (NIH) spent USD 1.47 billion and USD 1.391 billion in 2018 and 2018 respectively on research. Infusion of government funds is driving the market currently. However, the impact of this factor is expected to decline toward the end of the forecast period. This is due to the fact that the market would become self-sustaining and a resultant tapering of funds from government institutions will be observed.

The global orthopedic biomaterials product market is classified on the basis of product, material type, end-user, and geography. In terms of product, the global orthopedic biomaterials product market is segmented into knee implant, hip implants, scaffolds, resorbable products, bone substitutes and others. Hip implant product segment is anticipated to carry major share of the market owing to rising geriatric population, increasing incidence of injuries related to accidents, sports, and adventure, and increased adoption of advanced hip products and procedures. The U.S. population is growing older as the baby boomer generation ages. The older population numbered 41.5 million in 2018, around 13.4% of the U.S. population. According to estimates from the Department of Health & Human Services, by 2030, geriatric population will reach about 72.1 million, which is more than twice the number from 2000.

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Based on material, the global orthopedic biomaterials product market is segmented into metallic, ceramic, polymer, natural biomaterial, and regenerative biomaterials. Regenerative biomaterials segment is anticipated to reflect highest CAGR during the forecast period owing to favorable government criteria, technological advancements, and rising awareness about stem cell treatment. End-user segment of the global orthopedic biomaterials product market is divided into hospitals, specialized orthopedic clinics, and ambulatory surgery centers.

On the basis of region, the global orthopedic biomaterials product market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. The rising penetration of bone-muscle distortion therapies in cases of accidents and growing demand in the young and active population for customized implant procedures are the factors driving adoption of knee implant reconstructive surgeries in the U.S. Many orthopedic reconstruction and trauma device manufacturers have experienced significant growth in the past several years in the U.S. This robust growth is due to a number of factors including demographics and the aging population, improved technologies, and increasing acceptance of implant devices by the younger generation.

Some of the prominent players operating in the orthopedic biomaterials product market are Zimmer Biomet Holdings Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Globus Medical Inc., Zeus Industrial Products, Inc., Wright Medical Technology, Orthofix Holdings, Medtronic, and Arthrex Inc.

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.

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The study is a source of reliable data on: Market segments and sub-segments Market trends and dynamics Supply and demand Market size Current trends/opportunities/challenges Competitive landscape Technological breakthroughs Value chain and stakeholder analysis

The regional analysis covers: North America (U.S. and Canada) Latin America (Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Chile, and others) Western Europe (Germany, U.K., France, Spain, Italy, Nordic countries, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg) Eastern Europe (Poland and Russia) Asia Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN, Australia, and New Zealand) Middle East and Africa (GCC, Southern Africa, and North Africa)

The report has been compiled through extensive primary research (through interviews, surveys, and observations of seasoned analysts) and secondary research (which entails reputable paid sources, trade journals, and industry body databases). The report also features a complete qualitative and quantitative assessment by analyzing data gathered from industry analysts and market participants across key points in the industrys value chain.

A separate analysis of prevailing trends in the parent market, macro- and micro-economic indicators, and regulations and mandates is included under the purview of the study. By doing so, the report projects the attractiveness of each major segment over the forecast period.

Highlights of the report: A complete backdrop analysis, which includes an assessment of the parent market Important changes in market dynamics Market segmentation up to the second or third level Historical, current, and projected size of the market from the standpoint of both value and volume Reporting and evaluation of recent industry developments Market shares and strategies of key players Emerging niche segments and regional markets An objective assessment of the trajectory of the market Recommendations to companies for strengthening their foothold in the market

Note:Although care has been taken to maintain the highest levels of accuracy in TMRs reports, recent market/vendor-specific changes may take time to reflect in the analysis.

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Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market : Industry Analysis and Forecast (2017-2026) – OnYourDesks

Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market was valued US$ 695.3 Mn in 2017 and is expected to reach US$ 1067.4 Mn by 2026, at CAGR of 5.5% during forecast period.The development in research and academic initiatives by the private and governmental sector is expected to drive the market growth. The research and development activities and the expansion of the product portfolio, which is expected to enhance the growth of the market in the next few years. Also, a significant increase in the number of academic research institutes is expected to encourage the growth of the global fetal bovine serum market during the forecast period. The rising initiative from governments, who are coming together with academic research institutes in order to encourage and support the research activities is further expected to accelerate the growth of the market in the near future.

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Furthermore, the rapid growth of the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and animal health industries is likely to generate potential growth opportunities for the market players in the next few years. Additionally, the growing demand from traditional users of serum is also expected to boost the growth of the market. As fetal bovine serum has a higher efficiency rate than normal blood serum it is expected to drive the growth of the overall serum market. Also, the increasing number of collaborations and mergers and acquisitions is projected to generate good opportunities for the market players. At the same time, decrease in cattle herd population due to the increased demand for dairy and meat products, and high cost and chances of viral presence in the product these factors are expected to limiting the market growth.

According to the end user, the fetal bovine serum industry is bifurcated into biotechnology & pharmaceutical company, academic institute and research laboratory. Biotechnology & pharmaceutical company segment accounted for the highest revenue in 2017 and is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period. This is attributed to the increased R&D and production of vaccines as well as biopharmaceuticals in these companies.

Among the regions, North America is expected to hold the largest market share for fetal bovine serum. The high consumption and high pricing of fetal bovine serum in this region. The increasing demand, together with a lower supply has led to a volatile market for the U.S. The rapid arrival of contract research organizations particularly in India and China is a key factor driving the growth of Asia-Pacific region. Furthermore, Infrastructural development and number of research organizations are outsourcing research activities to these countries for a relatively low cost without negotiating on the quality of research.

The objective of the report is to present a comprehensive assessment of the market and contains thoughtful insights, facts, historical data, industry-validated market data and projections with a suitable set of assumptions and methodology. The report also helps in understanding the global fetal bovine serum market dynamics, structure by identifying and analysing the market segments and project the global market size. Further, the report also focuses on the competitive analysis of key players by product, price, financial position, product portfolio, growth strategies, and regional presence. The report also provides PEST analysis, PORTERs analysis, and SWOT analysis to address questions of shareholders to prioritizing the efforts and investment in the near future to the emerging segment in the global fetal bovine serum market.

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Scope of Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market:

Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market, By Application:

Biopharmaceuticals Cell Culture Drug Discovery Diagnostics In Vitro Fertilization Human & Animal Vaccine Production OthersGlobal Fetal Bovine Serum Market, By End User:

Biotechnology & Pharmaceutical Companies Academic Institute Industry Research LaboratoryGlobal Fetal Bovine Serum Market, By Product:

Charcoal Stripped Chromatographic Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) Exosome Depleted Stem Cello Embryonic Stem Cells Qualifiedo Mesenchymal Stem Cell QualifiedGlobal Fetal Bovine Serum Market, By Region:

North America Europe Asia-Pacific South America Middle East & AfricaKey Players Operated in Market Include:

GE Healthcare Merck KGaA (Sigma Aldrich) HiMedia Laboratories Pvt., Ltd. Bio-Techne Biowest Biological Industries Atlas Biologicals Rocky Mountain Biologicals PAN-Biotech Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Takara Bio, Inc. Tissue Culture Biologicals Caisson Laboratories, Inc. Cell Culture Technologies LLC Biomol GmbH BovogenBiologicals Pty Ltd TCS Biosciences Ltd Access Biologicals Animal Technologies Inc. Corning Incorporated

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MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT

Chapter One: Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Overview

Chapter Two: Manufacturers Profiles

Chapter Three: Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Competition, by Players

Chapter Four: Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Size by Regions

Chapter Five: North America Fetal Bovine Serum Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Six: Europe Fetal Bovine Serum Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Seven: Asia-Pacific Fetal Bovine Serum Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Eight: South America Fetal Bovine Serum Market Revenue by Countries

Chapter Nine: Middle East and Africa Revenue Fetal Bovine Serum Market by Countries

Chapter Ten: Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Segment by Type

Chapter Eleven: Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Segment by Application

Chapter Twelve: Global Fetal Bovine Serum Market Market Size Forecast (2019-2026)

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Stem Cell Therapy Market to Discern Steadfast Expansion During 2020 – Technology Trend

Stem cells are most vital cells found in both humans and non-human animals. Stem cells are also known as centerpiece of regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicines have capability to grow new cells and replace damaged and dead cells. Stem cell is the precursors of all cells in the human body. It has the ability to replicate itself and repair and replace other damaged tissues in the human body. In addition, stem cell based therapies are used in the treatment of several chronic diseases such as cancer and blood disorders.

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The global stem cell therapy market is categorized based on various modes of treatment and by therapeutic applications. The treatment segment is further sub-segmented into autologous stem cell therapy and allogeneic stem cell therapy. The application segment includes metabolic diseases, eye diseases, immune system diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, central nervous system disorders, cardiovascular diseases and wounds and injuries.

In terms of geographic, North America dominates the global stem cell therapy market due to increased research activities on stem cells. The U.S. represents the largest market for stem cell therapy followed by Canada in North America. However, Asia is expected to show high growth rates in the next five years in global stem cell therapy market due to increasing population. In addition, increasing government support by providing funds is also supporting in growth of the stem cell therapy market in Asia. China and India are expected to be the fastest growing stem cell therapy markets in Asia.

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In recent time, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and increasing funds from government organizations are some of the major drivers for global stem cell therapy market. In addition, rising awareness about stem cell therapies and increasing focus on stem cell research are also supporting in growth of global stem cell therapy market. However, less developed research infrastructure for stem cell therapies and ethical issues related to embryonic stem cells are some of the major restraints for global stem cell therapy market. In addition, complexity related with the preservation of stem cell also obstructs the growth of global stem cell therapy market.

Some of the major companies operating in the global stem cell therapy market are Mesoblast Ltd., Celgene Corporation, Aastrom Biosciences, Inc. and StemCells, Inc.

Key points covered in the report Report segments the market on the basis of types, application, products, technology, etc (as applicable)

The report covers geographic segmentation North America Europe Asia RoW The report provides the market size and forecast for the different segments and geographies for the period of 2010 to 2020 The report provides company profiles of some of the leading companies operating in the market The report also provides porters five forces analysis of the market.

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Embryonic Stem Cell – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Charles E. Murry, ... Lior Gepstein, in Heart Development and Regeneration, 2010

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst-stage embryos. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) have been studied for several decades, and have provided major advances in our understanding of developmental biology and gene function in the adult organism. The single greatest application of mouse embryonic stem cells has been in studies of gene function through homologous recombination (knockout or knockin strategies). These studies were made possible by the remarkable ability of genetically-modified embryonic stem cells to incorporate into all tissues of a developing mouse after injection into a blastocyst, followed by the ability of resulting chimeric mice to pass the genetic modification via the germline. Embryonic stem cells have also been useful tools for understanding molecular events controlling differentiation into the early germ layers and more distal branches of the developmental tree. Over the last 15 years an increasing number of groups have become interested in the use of mouse embryonic stem cells as a cell source to treat murine models of cell deficiency.

Research in this area gained worldwide prominence, extending far beyond the usual scientific community, when Jamie Thomsons group at the University of Wisconsin reported developing the first lines of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998 (Thomson et al., 1998b). A veterinary pathologist with an interest in early human development, Thomson had honed his skills by first deriving lines of embryonic stem cells from nonhuman primates (marmosets and rhesus monkeys) (Thomson et al., 1995, 1996). To derive human embryonic stem cells, Thomsons group worked with blastocysts donated by fertility clinic patients, who no longer intended to use these spare embryos for reproductive purposes (these blastocyts are commonly discarded if they are not to be used for reproductive purposes). The embryos were 5 days post-in vitro fertilization, and were at the blastocyst stage, a hollow ball of 150 cells surrounded by a carbohydrate-rich zona pellucida. Blastocysts contain a rim of trophoectoderm cells, which gives rise to the placenta and amniotic membranes, and an inner cell mass, which gives rise to the embryo proper. (By way of comparison, a 5-day-old embryo derived from traditional fertilization is at a preimplantation stage, still residing in the fallopian tube). To derive the human embryonic stem cells, Thomsons group enzymatically digested the zona pellucida and removed the trophoectoderm using antibodies and complement (immunosurgery) (Fig. 1), leaving the inner cell mass intact. The inner cell mass was placed into a culture system, using feeder layers of mouse embryonic fibroblasts to provide a still-unknown set of factors that had maintained other primate embryonic stem cells in the undifferentiated state. The human cells thrived in this environment, growing for hundreds of population doublings while still expressing molecular markers of pluripotency and retaining the ability to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types in vitro. Importantly, after implantation into immuno-tolerant mice, human embryonic stem cells formed teratomas, tumors comprised of cells from endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. At present, teratoma formation represents the most definitive evidence for human embryonic stem cell potency, since human blastocyst injection is widely-considered to be unethical. Since this original publication, over 100 lines of human embryonic stem cells have been derived worldwide by similar techniques (Cowan et al., 2004; Musri et al., 2006).

Figure 1. Embryonic stem cell derivation. Cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos are isolated by the removal of the trophectoderm by immunosurgery (antibody and complement-mediated lysis). To maintain cells in the undifferentiated state, inner cell mass cells are plated on a mouse embryonic fibroblasts feeder layer. These undifferentiated cells can be induced to differentiate into cells from the different germ layers.

It is important to consider the scientific context in which this advancement came. The late-1990s and early-2000s had yielded a number of other major scientific advancements, including sequencing of the human genome (Lander et al., 2001) and cloning of the first mammal, Dolly the sheep (Campbell et al., 1996). Thus, within a few short years, science had delivered the genetic blueprint of humanity, techniques to completely dedifferentiate a cell and grow a new mammal from it, and early human cells that could develop into any tissue. Understandably, this triggered a response that extended beyond the scientific community and into the lay press, public coffeehouses, churches and political forums. Most countries are still debating the extent to which human embryonic stem cell research should be regulated, and public policies range widely, from governmental encouragement, to legal restrictions, to outright bans. While not the topic of this chapter, we would encourage all readers to explore the ethics and policy implications of human embryonic stem cell research, and we refer those interested to references (Green, 2001; Daley et al., 2007; Sugarman, 2007) for in-depth analyses.

Human embryonic stem cells share many similarities with their murine counterparts, but they also have several important differences. Like mouse embryonic stem cells, human embryonic stem cells can divide extensively without telomere shortening and by this criterion appear to be immortal. Although there is not complete overlap with mouse embryonic stem cells, human embryonic stem cells express surface markers characteristic of pluripotent cells. Additionally, both embryonic stem cell types express transcription factors required for pluripotency, including Oct4 and Nanog. In mouse embryonic stem cells, the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is necessary to maintain cells in their pluripotent state (Williams et al., 1988; Pease and Williams, 1990). In contrast, human embryonic stem cells will differentiate in the presence of LIF (Zaehres et al., 2005) and require FGF for pluripotency. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) contribute to the maintenance of pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells (Ying et al., 2003), whereas they induce trophoblast differentiation in human embryonic stem cells (Xu et al., 2002). The optimal conditions to maintain human embryonic stem cells in the pluripotent state are still being worked out. For this reason, most investigators currently use either mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, or medium conditioned by these cells (supplemented with bFGF) (Xu et al., 2001) for growth and maintenance of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells.

Mouse embryonic stem cells typically grow as tight clusters and show a high plating efficiency after dissociation to single cells. These characteristics facilitate their low-density plating and subsequent isolation of subclones. In contrast, undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells typically grow as flat two-dimensional colonies, which are passaged by forming smaller clumps (either through partial enzymatic digestion or mechanical dissociation) and allowing them to expand. Furthermore, the establishment of clonal lines is more difficult with human embryonic stem cells, because they do not tolerate single cell dispersion as well as mouse embryonic stem cells. Human embryonic stem cells must be karyotyped regularly to screen for chromosomal abnormalities, such as trisomies 12 and 22, as well as several translocation variants (reviewed in Baker et al., 2007) that can accumulate with time in culture. Time in culture can also affect the differentiation efficiency of some cell types, including cardiomyocytes. It is likely that these difficulties reflect our still-imperfect ability to culture the cells, which may improve as the community gains experience.

The difference between mouse embryonic stem cells and human embryonic stem cells has been assumed to relate to species differences in signaling requirements for pluripotency. Recently, however, two groups isolated pluripotent cells from postimplantation stage mouse epiblasts (Brons et al., 2007; Tesar et al., 2007). These epiSCs do not use the LIF/STAT3 pathway for maintaining pluripotency, but instead use pathways initiated by activin/nodal and FGF, similar to human embryonic stem cells. Interestingly, while epiSCs formed teratomas after injection into host mice, they did not generate chimeric embryos after blastocyst injection. The similarity of mouse epiSCs to human embryonic stem cells has raised the possibility that signaling pathways between species are actually conserved, with the difference being that human embryonic stem cells represent a later developmental stage than mouse embryonic stem cells.

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